Sociology and Deviance in a Society of Saints Crime Will...

Imagine a ‘society of saints’, without crime, a notion put forward by Emile Durkheim a historical theorist who argued that this concept is unattainable within society. Social control is and has been present in all societies, organized groups, and cultures since the beginning of time. There are many historical and modern perspectives, which help draw conclusions on the study of deviance and social control, two concepts that go hand in hand. In discussing the connection between social control and deviance, it will reveal why Durkheim’s notion, that in a ‘society of saints’, crime will be found, is very true. Deviance is a word that has instinctively bad connotations around it, to know someone that is deviant is to know someone who has acted†¦show more content†¦The instinctive nature of humans to judge one another and the natural instinct to socialize will always play a role in making sure society is made up of all people either deviant or virtuous. Socialization and the power to control, or deviate outside a particular group norm, will always ensure a ‘society of saints’ is not an achievable goal. Based on Howard Becker’s symbolic or labeling theory, all acts of deviance and the person seen to be acting in a deviant manner are given labels. These labels generally come from someone in there community or group who are in hierarchy or authority figure. That means no action is deviant unless specified by the particular community or group (Bessant Watts 2002). Becker’s labeling theory concentrates on the lower class, and anything apart from what the group expects is labeled as deviant. The term Once a criminal always a criminal is familiar, it is these type of labels that maybe detrimental in terms of a person internalizing labels as truth, and how others sees them (D. Conley 2008). The labels and or judgments given negatively, isolate the person from the group, and may hinder the person’s opportunity to reach their full potential. The strains put on a person to conform to the particular cultures norms and values, does not allow any person to differ in nature or thought. When one is pressured to perform in ways that may be foreign orShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality and University Press5666 Words   |  23 Pagescalled minority (black and women’s) studies and now gender studies. Most of the disciplines involved belong to the humanities and social sciences: language and literature, history, cultural and communication studies, sociology, anthropology and political sciences, philosophy. Sociology had a late start although some of the key figures in the field were sociologists (Mary McIntosh, Ken Plummer, Jeffrey Weeks), but their work was seen as primarily historical. Michel Foucault made a major imprint withRead MoreFootball Hooliganism11213 Words   |  45 Pagesteams of Europe were the dominators of all the sports that were being played in the world. However, when the players from the colonized African nations started competing in the same leagues and football clubs as the white players, the white players found it very hard to accep t the fact that players from the enslaved nations of Africa could play as well as them or even better. Another factor that contributed to the hatred among players of the different teams was pride. Specifically in Europe, fans haveRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEffective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People

Guatemala as Cold War History, by Richard H. Immerman

From the time of its colonization at the hands of Spanish Conquistadors in the early 1500’s, Guatemala has suffered under the oppression of dictator after dictator. These dictators, who ruled only with the support of the military and only in their own interests, created a form of serfdom; by 1944, two percent of the people owned 70 percent of the usable land. The Allies’ victory in WWII marked democracy’s triumph over dictatorship, and the consequences shook Latin America. Questioning why they should support the struggle for democracy in Europe and yet suffer the constraints of dictatorship at home, many Latin Americans rallied to democratize their own political structures. A group of prominent middle–class Brazilians opposed to the†¦show more content†¦In 1951, Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman succeeded Arevalo. Guzman, as well as continuing Arevalo’s reforms, implemented his own liberal reforms including a radical redistribution of land. This program involved the redistribution of one hundred and sixty thousand (160,000) acres of uncultivated land owned by an American owned firm that was then called United Fruit Company (and is now called Chiquita). Under previous governments United Fruit had managed to acquire forty-two (42) percent of the nation and had been granted exemption from all taxes and duties on both imports and exports. Though United Fruit was compensated for the land, many people both within the company and with strong ties to the company began to fear that more land would be taken from the company at the hands of the Guzman regime. Together with many other individuals with positions of power within the American government, they were able to convince President Dwight D. Eisenhower that Guzman had to be removed from power. The United States had never been friendly to socialism and communism and had been wary since the beginning of the Soviet Union, with whom the United States reluctantly allied in WorldShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Killing Hope By William Blum1935 Words   |  8 PagesHeidi Michaud History 333 Prof. Mary Duncan 17 May, 2015 Examining U.S. Motivation in the Guatemalan Coup In William Blum’s Book, Killing Hope, Blum claims that the U.S. backed a CIA overthrow of the Guatemalan Government in 1954.. Blum challenges that the motivation for the coup was not based on a true belief that Guatemala’s President Jacobo Arbenz was leaning towards communism, and alludes to the the idea that the true motivation for the Coup was the threat to economic gains to The

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1506 Words

â€Å"By 1929 it was estimated that there were 219,000 speakeasies in the United States, 32,000 of which were in New York City† (Boardman 71). People of the 1920s used Prohibition to get ahead in society by selling alcohol illegally. F. Scott Fitzgerald, wrote, The Great Gatsby, which takes place in Long Island, near New York City, during the 1920s. In the novel, the main character, Jay Gatsby, is a successful man who has participated in shady businesses to get what he wants. In, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald portrays the corruption of American society using Prohibition and how it brought about the rise of organized crime in the 1920s. First, the Prohibition Act, proclaimed in the 1920s, was not taken seriously by American society. The act was a†¦show more content†¦This highlights the corruption of society in the 1920s caused by the passing of Prohibition and disunity between the eyes of the law and the eyes of the people. President Herbert Hoover, who was untrusted by the public, said that prohibition was a worthy experiment but was far reaching for society (Boardman). In reality, Prohibition was a colossal failure in American history highlighting the corruption in the 1920s by individualistic people going against law. Parallel to the Prohibition in the 1920s, in, The Great Gatsby, Prohibition was widely ignored and alcohol was imprudently consumed by the wealthy in society. Nick Caraway takes the reader through the house of Mr. Gatsby and notices his surroundings and behavior of people in the house. Nick exclaims, â€Å"The bar is in full swing, and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outs ide, until the air is alive with chatter and laughter, and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot and enthusiastic meeting between women who have never knew each other’s names (40). Nick points out the causality of people in the house who are committing a crime which reveals to the reader the mindset of people at the time and how

It is reasonable to argue that, governmental institutions...

It is reasonable to argue that, governmental institutions or people with authority are subject to withhold a great deal of information from society. Many may argue that secrets are kept to ensure the safety of the nation. Thus, upholding the governmental duty of protecting the nation against possible threats. On the other hand, many believe that secrets may exist which violate our constitutional rights. Over the last year, Edward Snowden, has made headline news for leaking sensitive governmental information to the press. Edward Snowden is a 29-year-old high school drop-out, who was a tech specialist for the National Security Association. Snowden had discovered and later exposed the NSA for monitoring the nations e-mails, phone calls, and†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the government should not be allowed to access our personal data without our consent. It is unconstitutional to search or obtain information without probable cause or a search warrant. In this case, the NSA has no probable cause, nor a search warrant to spy on Americans and invade their privacy. In addition, it is fair to argue that Edward Snowden is not a traitor because he demonstrated the highest respect for American law. In MLK’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail, he said, individuals who break the law because they know it’s unjust, are actually respecting the law because they demand justice. Even though, Edward Snowden probably violated the NSA rules by exposing their secret, he did it out of good intentions. It is unjust and illegal to spy on citizens without probably cause or a search warrant. In order to protect the people, Edward Snowden jeopardized his life to expose the unlawful actions exercised by the NSA. Snowden holds high moral values, respected America, and its laws so much that he broke the laws to prove the unlawful actions of the NSA. On the other hand, some believe that, Edward Snowden was a traitor for exposing sensitive information to the public because it can purpose possible harm to the American people. However, according to the Washington Post, Edward said, â€Å"I carefully evaluated every single document I disclosed to ensure that each was legitimately in the public interest.† (Naskashima). Thus,Show MoreRelatedDemocracy By Robert Dahl : Democracy1518 Words   |  7 PagesNick Through the study of human history it is evident authoritative and monarch governments prevailed as legitimate authorities but with careful considerations these political systems were seen as inaccurate by many. New political systems, functions and responsibilities soon began to surface. Democracy was among these new political systems and argues for the influence of citizens in politics and the protection of rights (Dahl, 1998, p. 44). Democracy can be found through many politicalRead More Intrinsic Human Dignity and Equality in Relation to Liberal Democracy 1748 Words   |  7 PagesLiberal democracy is prevalent in the West. This political arrangement guarantees the rights of a people in relation to their government. Many Westerners, unfortunately, cannot give a philosophical explanation and/or justification for it. Ultimately, an examination of liberal democracy will demonstrate that it rests on notions of human dignity, equality and happiness, which are not recent developments i n philosophy, but have their origins in classical and scholastic thought. It is in said examinationRead MoreEssay on Machiavelli and the Roman Empire1489 Words   |  6 Pageslasciviousness,quot; prompting the people to overthrow him to rid themselves of his tyranny. An aristocracy, which Machiavelli means as a rule of the Good, then takes control, but shortly thereafter they too succumb to the temptation of exploiting their power. Again, the masses must usurp the rule of the few and, still remembering what events had transpired in the past, they keep the power for themselves and establish a popular state. In spite of their good intentions, the people soon find they cant keepRead MoreImpact Of The Human Rights Act 1998 On Clinical1924 Words   |  8 Pagesprofessionally and amended. In attempt to explore the impact of the HRA 1998 on clinical negligence this essay examines the reasons for integration of the HRA and issues it came with and compares various types of negligence, l iability of public authorities and remedies before and after the HRA came into force. The main difference between the HRA and the ECHR is that the former is the domestic legislation and the latter is an international agreement. The reason for incorporating the ECHR into EnglishRead MoreEssay on The Patriot Act: Keeping America Safe1920 Words   |  8 PagesAct, was passed. The Act was approved by both the House of Representatives and Senate with very little opposition and was signed into law by President George W. Bush. This new act significantly cut restrictions on judicial power and gave legal authorities more control. Since its passage, the Patriot Act has been under severe scrutiny and has been considered one the most controversial acts passed under the American government. Most adversaries have critiqued the act by claiming that it is unconstitutionalRead MoreThe Acquisition, Use, And Disposition Of School Property8925 Words   |  36 Pagesdisposition of school district property. The study includes an analysis of 84 court cases involving litigation from a variety of states and court jurisdictions. The cases briefed in this study are clustered into subtopics to include the general authority of school districts to acquire, use, and dispose of real property in accordance with applicable federal or state laws. iii DEDICATION As with most worthy intellectual pursuits, this research study took an extraordinary amount of time and effortRead MoreThe Patient Protection Affordable Care Act Of 20102006 Words   |  9 Pageseither $95 or 1% of applicable income, whichever was greater; the penalty then increased to$325 or 2% of applicable income in 2015. Studies have shown that the individual mandate will reduce the number of uninsured Americans, lower premiums for people buying insurance in the individual and small-group markets, and reduce the government s cost of funding coverage for newly insured individuals. If the mandate was enacted in 2012 it would have affected about 26 million Americans who were currentlyRead MoreStatutory Construction Cases3663 Words   |  15 PagesPaat v. CA; People v. Mapa; Paras v. Comelec; Daoang v. Municipal Judge of San Nicolas) 1. National Federation of Labor v. Eisma Construction is required to determine jurisdiction. The first and fundamental duty of courts is to apply the law. Construction and interpretation come only after it has been demonstrated that application is impossible or inadequate without them. However, jurisdiction over the subject matter in a judicial proceeding is conferred by the sovereign authority, which organizesRead MoreEssay about Same Sex Marriage Controversy in the United States3686 Words   |  15 Pages In a very real sense, it is reasonable to argue that the government should have no say at all in the processes of marriage, or decide which adults may or may not legally marry. State and federal governments play a role, of course, in that marriage is a civil union, and provides benefits and legal protections for the couple. Historically, marriage serves the interests of the society by promoting stability and future generations of citizens, and governments usually act in ways to promote this veryRead MoreAliens : An Alien Who Arrives At The Nation s Borders7568 Words à ‚  |  31 PagesDivision Chief John Lafferty, presented an updated Asylum Division Officer Training Course (ADOTC), which included lesson plans on Credible Fear of Persecution and Torture Determinations, and Reasonable Fear of Persecution and Torture Determinations. The aim of the plan is to revise the credible and reasonable fear standard of asylum during screening, and make it consistent with the Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements, Executive Order 13767 released on January 25, 2017. The lesson

The Is Good Come From Evil - 1471 Words

If I told you that a flower bloomed in a dark room, would you trust it? This line, from the seductive slow jam â€Å"Poetic Justice† on his previous critically-acclaimed LP, encapsulates the common theme found throughout all of Kendrick’s discography, and it delves into one of the most moral questions in human existence: can good come from evil? In his third studio album, hip-hop artist and songwriter Kendrick Lamar, in his distinguishable style of storytelling—jazzy, meditative beats underpinning confessional, dexterous rhymes—ventures into his dark past with financial and psychological struggles and describes his tumultuous journey from being just a troubled kid in the hood to a major voice in the hip-hop industry. To Pimp a Butterfly paints†¦show more content†¦He continues this message onto TPaB, in a song titled â€Å"Institutionalized†, where he discusses wealth’s corruptive powers and takes a retrospective look back on how eve n after escaping Compton, he still feels trapped in the continuous cycle of negativity brought on by the institution of money itself. The album in its entirety becomes a dissertation describing how black rappers are being â€Å"pimped† by the entertainment industry and capitalist America. He discloses how his childhood peers have become practically brainwashed by the idea of getting rich, yet won’t take proper measures to attain these goals, resorting to a life of petty crime rather than working towards an escape. Guest artist Bilal echoes in the hook advice that Kendrick’s grandmother gave him as a boy: Shit don’t change unless you get up and wash yo’ ass, a statement on how unless these men clean up their act, nothing will ever change in their life for the better. The repetition of this line emphasizes the impact this had on young Kendrick, who as an adult now recognizes the impossibility of truly appreciating whatever it is that you have gained unless actually putting in the work for it. Yet he also admits the challenges that these people face when they try to leave—anyone can leave the hood whenever they please, but the way society is set up and the upbringing of those raised there make it an incredible feat for them not to fall

Stereotype and American President free essay sample

Stereotyping in America Today Society can be broken up into many groups by gender, race, or even traits. The world is made up of males and females, whites and blacks, and liberals and conservatives, all with a particular way of life. People are stereotyping others all the time without even noticing it, because of race or color. This trend in human thought is called stereotyping. A stereotype can be anything from women being considered better drivers or labeling French people as rude, but one thing that is in every stereotype is the designation of a group as a whole. Stereotypes are judgments based upon a person’s appearance or action; it can also be an over exaggerated view on a person. A stereotype can be also interpreted as a shortcut to a person’s character development. Gender and race have been categories used to stereotype a person in the past, whether they are negative or positive. Stereotyping was present when To Kill a Mockingbird was based in the nineteen thirties and still is present in the twenty first century whether it is in society, schools, or the workplace. People get stereotyped because they are of a different race, lived in a poorer part of town, or have come from bad parents. Many stereotypes are influenced through two ways, media and society. This can end up with a person having racial profiling used against them and causing a negative impact on their life. People in their society tend to stereotype others because they come from different backgrounds then them. The most popular reason people get stereotyped in their community is because they are of a different race. An example of this would be when the nation received an African American president. Many people thought that racism was over because of this election. But according to Bill Wanlund, â€Å"despite the re-election of America’s first African American president, recent surveys reveal that racism still exists among Americans, along with a general perception that race relations have not improved since Barrack Obama was first elected in 2008† (â€Å"Race† 2). Instead of this helping the nation with racism, it has made the nation worse in this area of stereotyping. Stereotyping can happen at any time in any place. However, the classroom is one of the places students of color are subjected to racial stereotypes by other students as well as by teachers. Racism is the belief that a particular group or race of people is better than all others because of the color of their skin. A classroom, a place of learning, is supposed to be a place where every student is able to concentrate on studying and receive an education. In the classroom, every student should have an equal opportunity to learn. Unfortunately, distractions take away from the learning process. When the topic of race comes up, students of color can quickly become the odds ones out. Teenagers who belong to a racial minority can suffer from racism on a daily basis. Much of this racism these teenagers are subjected to happens in school. There are many teaching aids and materials which assist in this, textbooks being one of them. If the textbook does in fact display stereotypes, this could lead to children stereotyping in a racist way. For this reason teachers need to take the responsibility of ensuring that while teaching or working on materials, the learners are not encouraged to take part in racism or stereotyping in anyway or form. If children are not exposed to racial slurs or context, they most likely will not use it towards other children of a different race. Gender equality is a major issue when it comes to the workplace where both men and women are involved. Women have experienced a historic situation of inequality in the social as well as professional aspects. Women are normally the ones that would take care of the children, do the household chores, and in rural areas; they would work in the field with the rest of the family. Just like how the Breaking Barriers article states, â€Å"from an early age, girls are dressed in pink boys in blue. Boys are given trucks to play with while girls are offered dolls [..] girls are assigned household duties like washing the dishes and doing laundry, while boys are relegated to mowing the lawn and talking out the trash† (18). Gender inequality in the workplace is becoming less common; yet, gender is a factor that affects both men and women. Also, in Breaking Barriers article it says how â€Å"females and males often choose career paths that are traditional for their gender† (18). Females are usually seen in jobs such as nursing or paralegals. Males are typically doing jobs that have to do with welding, carpentry, or engineering. Women could have the same capabilities and maybe even higher  qualifications than a men going for the same position, but because of gender inequality the male is more likely to get the job then the female. Men and women should be offered the same job opportunities no matter what gender they are; it should be based on their ability to complete the job. Stereotyping is present in the twenty first century whether it is in society, schools, or the workplace just like it was when To Kill a Mockingbird was written in the nineteen thirties. The effects of stereotyping can be devastating for the person receiving or giving it. As long as there are different races and cultures, stereotypes will never go away. This is because humans fear what they do not understand and thus, must categorize behavior in order to better understand the world around them. But if everyone stopped stereotyping others the world would be a healthier place to live.

Effects of Colored Paper on Reading Comprehension free essay sample

Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a text/message. This understanding comes from the interaction between the words that are written and how they trigger knowledge outside the text/message. Proficient reading depends on the ability to recognize words quickly and effortlessly. If word recognition is difficult, students use too much of their processing capacity to read individual words, which interferes with their ability to comprehend what is read. The ability to read provides academic success as well as success throughout life (Irlen, 1991). A skillful reader will sustain two major reading characteristics. One is the speed and ease at which they read the text. The other is the understanding and internalizing of the text being read (Jager-Adams, 1994). Ouellette (2006) states â€Å"reading does not only involve decoding and visual word recognition: The end goal is comprehension† (p. 556). Over the years, the use of color for visually enhancing a person’s reading ability has undergone a transformation from the use of colored chalk on chalkboards to using black ink on colored paper. Using colored paper for the background of a text may enhance the eye’s ability to focus and adhere to the print at hand. The ability of the eyes to perceive color and color hues vary from person to person and are individually specific with regard to optimal color interpretation (Evans, 1974). The researcher observed that many students love to read. When studying, students use different kinds of books and reads it, whether the paper is printed on any color of paper. However, this thought made the researcher curious if may be the color of the paper affect the reading comprehension of the students and by curiousity this study is being conducted. The color green was chosen by the researcher since, Green symbolizes self-respect and well being. It is the color of balance and it also means learning, growth and harmony. (Fielding, 2006) Color in the learning environment provides an unthreatening environment that improves visual processing, reduces stress, and challenges brain development through visual stimulation/relationships and pattern seeking. Visual stimulation actually rewires the brain, making stronger connections while fostering visual thinking, problem solving, and creativity (Simmons, 1995). Based on the meaning of the green color, the researcher hopes that with the help of green colored paper used in English reading comprehension tests, this will be able to help students improve their reading comprehension. This study aims to find out the significant influence of the green colored paper that will be used in answering an English reading comprehension test. It is needed to conduct this study in order to figure out if ones comprehension will improve, based on the grade, by using green colored paper instead of plain white paper. The researcher desires to dig deeper into the topic and to have a clearer understanding of the situation, and to discover a new way to improve a student’s grade in reading comprehension. Theoretical Background The study is anchored on the theory which underpins extensive reading’s effectiveness in terms of enhancing comprehension is Krashen’s (2003) ‘Comprehension Hypothesis’ which stresses that acquisition of a second language is facilitated if students are given enough comprehensible input, and when learning is conducted in a tension-free environment. The input hypothesis states that â€Å"we acquire language in one way: by understanding messages and we acquire language when we obtain comprehensible input†. In extensive reading programmes, students will be saturated or immersed with reading materials which provides a great deal of comprehensible input. Another major theory is the Mental Model. This model can be thought of as a mind movie created in ones head, based on the reading content. Gunning, (1996) gives a detailed description of this process, stating that a mental model is constructed most often when a student is reading fiction. The reader focuses in on the main character and creates a mental model of the circumstances in which the character finds him or herself. The mental model is re-constructed or updated to reflect the new circumstances as the situation changes, but the items important to the main character are kept in the foreground according to Gunning, (1996). Perkins (1991) identifies that sometimes misconceptions about important concepts reflect misleading mental models of the topic itself or the subject matter within which it sits. There are, however, interventions the teacher can do to help the reader to stay on track and create a more accurate picture. One suggestion is for the teachers to ask the students to disclose their mental models of the topics in question, through analogy, discussion, picturing, and other ways. This information gives the teacher insight on the students knowledge gaps and misconceptions, therefore allowing them to help students reconstruct a more accurate picture. . Day and Bamford (1998) two strong advocates of ER, suggested an extensive reading programme if set up and carried out appropriately, not only helps students learn to read in the second language, but also helps them to enjoy reading. This encourages them to continue reading long after formal study of the second language is over. ER, at the very least, consolidates students’ learning of the second language and at best, increases their language proficiency. The vicious and virtuous reading circles (Nuttall, 1996:127) highlights the importance of reading for pleasure. Statement of the Problem This study aims to find out the effect on the results of an English reading comprehension test printed on white and green paper. 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: a. ageb. gender 2. What are the mean score of the pupils who took the test that is printed on white paper? 3. What are the mean score of the pupils who took the test that is printed on green colored paper? 4. Is there a significant difference among the mean scores of the pupils who took the test printed on: a. white paperb. green colored paper Hypothesis Students who read text printed on green colored paper will perform better on a reading comprehension test than students who read the same text printed on white paper. Related Literature Many factors influence a person’s ability to read the text and comprehend what they are reading: internal and external stimuli, phonological processing, and visual processing. Black print on a white background may not provide the ultimate reading experience for all readers. Finding alternative strategies to increase reading fluency and comprehension have been a challenge to students, parents, and teachers. Reading requires the use of internal and external stimuli. All five senses explore the world around us, but color is a direct response to the sense of sight (Evans, 1974). Irlen (1991) asserted fluorescent lighting increases the intensity and the onset of distortions from reading black print on white paper. The parvocellular system is responsible for the visual attention to individual letters (Conlon, 2000). Both systems work together to process normal visual perception. The problem with visual perception comes when there is a breakdown in either system, transient or sustained. Conlon (2000) states high visual discomfort may stem from a breakdown in both systems. Students who comprehend ineffectively have the inability to process information being read and derive meaning from the material (Stothard, 1994) Wilson (1966)—red is more arousing than green [Jacobs and Suess (1975)—red and yellow cause more anxiety than do blue or green. While, Fielding (2006)—outdated notion that red promotes aggression and green is calming. Research Methodology The method used in this experimental study is the Survey method. Research Design The Correlational Design was used in order to determine the respondents reading comprehension test results printed on green colored paper and white colored paper. Research Environment The study was held and conducted in Southwestern University located in Urgello St. Cebu City, Philippines. Southwestern University is one of the largest Para-medical universities in the Visayas Region in the Philippines. It was founded by Don Mathias H. Aznar in the late fifty’s after the World War II. Research Respondents The respondents of this study were selected fourth grade students who are currently studying in Southwestern University. Research Instruments This study will use a short reading comprehension test by chosen by the researcher, that will be printed on a white paper and a green paper. It will then be distributed among the respondents. Research Procedure Gathering of Data The researcher gave the reading comprehension test printed in white paper to the respondents and let them read and answer. After reading the white reading comprehension test, the green reading comprehension test was also distibuted to the respondents. The questionnaire of the worksheets is separated from the sheet that contained the short article. After letting the respondents read the article, the questionnaires were being distributed for the respondents to answer. Treatment of Data In order to establish the error and percentage of error among the respondents test results, this formula was applied: Error = (respondent’s score of the test) – (perfect score of the test) % Error = (respondent’s score of the test) (perfect score of the test)