The English Reformation Essays -- History England Roman Catholic Essay

The English ReformationDuring the reign of King Richard II England was experiencing her first serious blast of heresy for nearly a millennium. This widespread heresy, known as Lollardy, held the reformation of the Catholic Church as its main motivation, and was based upon the ideas of John Wyclif, an Oxford scholar. All kinds of men, not only in London but in widely-separated regions of the country, seized the opportunity to voice criticisms twain constructive and destructive of the present state of the Church. While commoners protested and pressed for reform, release so far as to present their manifesto, the Twelve Conclusions, to Parliament, members of the royal household were protecting John Wyclif and his ideas, John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III, and Joan of Kent, the widowed Princess of Wales, by whose decide he was protected from ultimate disgrace (such as excommunication), were Wyclifs supporters and protectors. Like Wyclifs Lollard heresy, the English Protestant Refor mation, over one hundred years later, would draw support from both the common people and the royal establishment. Among the many causes of the Reformation, one stands out as the most important because it alone brought about a specifically English reformation. The sacred drive of the common people to create a more open system of worship was a grassroots movement of reform, similar to the reformations taking rank across Europe. The political ambitions of those at the highest levels of government to consolidate power in the person of the monarch, however, is what made a reformation of the Church in England into a specifically English Reformation.John Wyclif and the people who followed him reflected how royal authority could be b... ... act for the dissolution of monasteries, 1539Given-Wilson, Chris. Late Medieval England, 1215-1485. In The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England, edited by Nigel Saul. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2000.Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domest ic, Henry VIII vol. II, sec. i, pg. 259, no. 967. London, 1920. Quoted in John A. F. Thomson, The Early Tudor Church and Society, 1485-1529, (London Longman Group UK Limited, 1993), pg. 37.Russell, Conrad. The Reformation and the Creation of the Church of England, 1500-1640. In The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor & Stuart Britain, edited by John Morrill. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996.Sheils, W. J. The English Reformation. Harlow Longman Group UK Limited, 1989.Thomson, John A. F. The Early Tudor Church and Society, 1485-1529. London Longman Group UK Limited, 1993.

UML and its fit in the business community :: essays research papers

UML in the Business CommunityIn the modern world, business concern analysts use UML as a communication tool to relay business needs to the IT professionals. What is the Unified Modeling Language (UML)? Here is a definition of UML according to the Object Management Group (OMG) specification. The Unified Modeling Language is a graphical language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive dodging. The UML offers a standard way to write systems blueprints, including conceptual things such as programming language statements, database schemas, and reusable software comp unitarynts. graduation exercise I will start out with a brief discussion on the history of UML. I will then briefly go oer the different modeling aspects. Last, I will cover the different UML diagram types.What do you get when you take the different concepts of Booch, OMT, OOSE and Class-Relation then integrate them all into one single modeling language? Do you give up? You farm a common and widely usable modeling language such as UML. UML strives to be the standard modeling language which can monitor both concurrent and distributed systems. According to Wikipedia, the OMG has in fact made UML into an industry standard by calling for information on object-orientated (OO) methodologies that might create a rigorous software modeling language. Many industry leaders answered this calling to help create the standard.There are three different aspects of the modeled system which are handled by UML. These three modeling aspects are the functional model, object model and the dynamic model. The functional model is concerned with how the system functions from the drug users point of view. This model includes use case diagrams. The object model deals with the structure and substructure of the system using objects, operations, associations, and attributes. This model includes class diagrams. The dynamic model deals with the internal behavior of the syst em. This model includes sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and statechart diagrams.There are many types of UML diagram types. These diagram types consist of use case diagrams, class diagrams, collaboration diagrams, sequence diagrams, statechart diagrams, activity diagrams, and deployment diagrams. Use case diagrams are used to obtain system requirements from a users perspective. The use case diagram can be thought of as an interaction that a user has with a system to achieve a goal. Class diagrams represent static structure of the classes and their relationships in a system. Interaction diagrams consist of both sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams.

Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot - God Isnt Coming Essays -- Waitin

Waiting for Godot - God Isnt Coming Waiting for Godot, Samuel Becketts existential masterpiece, for many odd reason has captured the minds of millions of readers, artists, and critics worldwide, joining them all in an attempt to interpret the play. Beckett has told them non to read anything into his work, yet he does not stop them. Perhaps he recognizes the human quality of bringing personal experiences and such to the piece of art, and interpreting it through such colored lenses. Hundreds of theories are expounded, all of them right and none of them wrong. A play is only what you bring to it, in a subconscious connection between you and the playwright. One popular interpretation of Waiting for Godot relates it to the Second Coming of messiah Christ, as related in the New Testiment. There are significant clues and evidence to make this connection, and as the main tenant of the Existentialist movement, which grew out and of WWII experiences of not only Beckett, but all the other great Existentialists, Camus, Sartre, and Ianesco. It also developed using the writings of Hegal, Schopenhaur, and Nitchze. The main philosophy of Existentialism can be summed up in one statement - How can one reconcile ones existence with a world devoid of order, norms, or divine guidance. Thus, there is an implied aspect of morality and the questioning there of in any Existential piece, as this is a facet of human society that helps us deal with the Existential Dilemma. First and initiatory is the title itself. Waiting for Godot. Who IS Godot? VLADIMIR (Softly) Has he a beard, Mr. Godot? BOY Yes Sir. VLADIMIR Fair or... (he hesitates)...or black? BOY I think its white, Sir. (p. 59 A) Look at any portr... ...that deliberate in the divinity of the self, and I believe Beckett, by this statement and others in other plays, feels that way as well. Godot will never show up. Estragon and Vladimir must(prenominal) find him for themselves, rather than letting him come to them. Th ey must take action and make the world around them exist, a world with more than a unawares or dying tree. This is the Existential solution. To exist in a world devoid of reason, one must create that reason, else be doomed to endless age of tolerateing for enlightenment to come, which it never will, appearing only on the horizon of tomorrows forever. Beckett is telling us to get up off our butts and exist. God isnt coming, and if you want to wait forever for him be our guest, but the rest of us are going to be human BE-ings. Work CitedBeckett, Samuel. The Complete Dramatic Works. London Faber and Faber, 1990.

My Passion for Visual Arts and Web Design Essay -- Computer, Internet,

The term visual arts can have different meanings. To some it is a passion, to others it is just a job. To me it is just a new and evolution hobby that I would love to turn into a passion and a job. Just recently I have been reunited with my love for art and design. When I was in 5th grade, I was put into an advanced drawing class against my will and I have grown to enjoy it and then became very good at drawing. Eventu bothy I was exposed to the internet and entanglement design. I found it very hard and quit. Recently my best friend started to become attatched with art and web design, which sparked the memory from when I used to enjoy art also. I decided that I should revive that passion for art that I had and use it to become a web occasion. Web Design is almost like an art. It is the design of various in formulateation and services over the Internet. Luckily for businesses and customers, the information and services provided are through through the World Wide Web. As earlier me ntioned, Web design is a form of art, meaning that art and organization are needed to form Web pages to fit particular business needs. Web sites have now progressed into a form of advertisements for most companies. This is where your Web design and art skills come into play. in any case your knowledge of how the human eye travels across the page is very helpful meaning that you know what attracts people and makes them stop and look at your advertisement. This is why I want to pursue in visual arts to continue building upon my foundations and turn me into a professional designer. My goal is to become a web designer with a large variety of art knowledge to make my work on a professional level as well as plastic my art skills.In the graphic design field, my main goal is to learn how... ...rs that get the attention of teens can annoy older people and vise-versa. Colors cogency just be one of the most overlooked aspects of Graphic Design. This experience helped me make my decision be cause it enhanced my thirst for knowledge. Now knowing that I posses all the traits required to be a good graphic designer I want to pursue graphic design even more. After I agnize that I want to take my art design computer talents into the real world to help bussinesses and my clients and in the end make money doing for what I enjoy. Im quieten interested in pursuing Graphic Design because its something I want to do and knowing more about it now, I want to be a graphic designer even more because companies also employ a lot of designers. There are still many things that Im not prefect at and would love to enhance my abilities to be the best graphic designer I possibly can.

The Pencil Box :: essays research papers

THE PENCIL BOXNobody managed Jane. As soon as Emily Sweet found that double of Anne of Green Gables&8212a three-hundred-page- spacious book &8212in Janes faded purple kindergarten backpack, that was it. Any hope Jane had for a normal life-time, for swing on the swings, for making a life long friend, someone to share secrets and giggles with, someone to teeter totter with, was over, because nobody likes the smart girl. Nobody likes someone who totes a three hundred page long book to read on the bus. That is the jungle gyms unwritten rule.Well, maybe its not totally accurate to say that nobody liked Jane. Thats not an entirely unbowed statement. Teachers liked Jane. Teachers loved Jane, even though Jane thought they had a funny way of showing it, giving her another urinatesheet to do when she finished the assigned worksheet cardinal minutes before the rest of the class, telling her parents that Jane was a special child, maybe they should move her to a higher grade and her parent s always saying no, we want our little girl to have a normal childhood. It became quite normal for them to have these conversations while Jane sat outside the door wit ha garage sale, dog eared copy of Gone With the Wind&8212a five-hundred-page-long book &8212swinging her patent leather Mary Jane shoes because they didnt reach the ground and she had to do something to keep her attendance through the first twenty pages, pages she always found sub-standard to an otherwise exhilarating book. Yes, supposedly teachers just loved Jane. Thats what all the other children accused them of, love, favoritism, unfair grading, and things like that. They just loved Jane, even though they showed it weird ways.It took Janes second grade teacher, Mrs. Terada to really show some Jane some love. Jane thought Mrs. Terada was an absolute nitwit, with her long tight fitting arms and legs, looking down at all the children through a tiny pair of glasses perched on the end of her nose. And oh, it took al l the acting Jane could tantalise to smile and nod, to not roll her eyes and stick out her tongue when Mrs. Terada presented her with the box. The box sat next to the rattling heat register (that always seemed to work in September, never in December). Under its hot pink cover were rows and rows of manila files, each containing a set of math worksheets, maybe a on the spur of the moment story with comprehension questions at the end.

The Pencil Box :: essays research papers

THE PENCIL BOXNobody liked Jane. As soon as Emily Sweet found that copy of Anne of Green Gables&8212a three-hundred-page-long book &8212in Janes faded purple kindergarten backpack, that was it. Any hope Jane had for a normal life, for swing on the swings, for making a life long friend, soul to share secrets and giggles with, someone to teeter totter with, was over, because nobody likes the smart girl. Nobody likes someone who totes a three hundred page long book to read on the bus. That is the hobo camp gyms unwritten rule.Well, maybe its not totally accurate to say that nobody liked Jane. Thats not an entirely true statement. Teachers liked Jane. Teachers loved Jane, even though Jane thought they had a funny way of showing it, giving her another worksheet to do when she finished the assigned worksheet fifteen minutes before the rest of the class, obese her parents that Jane was a special child, maybe they should move her to a higher grade and her parents eer saying no, we want o ur daughter to have a normal childhood. It became instead normal for them to have these conversations while Jane sat outside the door wit ha garage sale, dog eared copy of Gone With the Wind&8212a five-hundred-page-long book &8212swinging her patent leather Mary Jane shoes because they didnt reach the ground and she had to do something to keep her attention through the first twenty pages, pages she always found sub-standard to an otherwise exhilarating book. Yes, supposedly teachers just loved Jane. Thats what all the other children accused them of, love, favoritism, unfair grading, and things like that. They just loved Jane, even though they showed it weird ways.It took Janes second grade teacher, Mrs. Terada to really show some Jane some love. Jane thought Mrs. Terada was an absolute nitwit, with her long skinny arms and legs, looking down at all the children through a tiny pair of glasses perched on the end of her nose. And oh, it took all the acting Jane could muster to smile a nd nod, to not roll her eye and stick out her tongue when Mrs. Terada presented her with the box. The box sat next to the rattling heat register (that always seemed to work in September, never in December). at a lower place its hot pink cover were rows and rows of manila files, each containing a set of math worksheets, maybe a short story with comprehension questions at the end.

Analysis of White River in Southeastern South Dakota

Analysis of White River in southeasterly southernmost DakotaYour house has been asked to fighterject a proposal to holistically monetary standard the White River in southeasterly sulphur Dakota for two names that is to say ,Groundwater resources and quality, andSurface water system quality concerns.IntroductionWater is one of our chiefly important natural assets. If our planet would be missing it, there would be no carriage nowadays on this planet Earth. Its the responsibility of Hydrologists to analyze all features of H2O organic structures present at site and its relation to geography, geology, topography, biological science, and chemical science. Its the responsibility of Hydrologists to understand the job nowadays at site and so toy out the job by using applicable happy cognition and mathematical rules to work out water-related jobs in civilisation. These jobs include the measure, quality, and handiness of H2O. The chief pioneer of the study is to measure the Groundwat er resources and quality, the 2nd portion of this study is to measure the Surface H2O quality of White River in southeasterly southeastern Dakota.The team of applied scientists is examining the White River in southeasterly South Dakota for two concerns viz. groundwater resources and surface H2O quality concerns. White River has expressed no serious apprehensivenesss about the possible contacts of any prospect development on the southeasterly South Dakota. Thus it is the demand of clip to set about a hydrological and hydrogeological appraisal, working to a brief agreed with Natural resources nowadays in southeasterly South Dakota.Scope of workThe program of the survey is to fix a preliminary appraisal of the possible hydrological and hydrogeological facets of White River in southeasterly South Dakota. The undermentioned range was proposedOn-site make of H2O organic structures, catchments, flow way, precipitation and overflow, infiltration and petrology of low-down strata so that a ll of the little watercourses taking into the river and milieus are clearly understood.The exercising of vast term rainfall and vaporization statistics to measure the effectual rainfall and, by agencies of suited overflow coefficients, to think watercourse flows. These should be contrasted with the field ground observations to deepen a reasonable cognition of the hydrology of the site.Prepare 110000 geological maps to depict the boundaries of mother fucker strata.Commence trial cavities to prove theoretical boundaries and deepness of impermeable strata.Install four or more boreholes into the land to show baseline statistics and trying perplex.Trial land Wellss for finding the land H2O table conditions.Field Observation SurveysField observation studies are carried out in order to roll up informations in signifier of geological maps, hydrological maps and terrain of the proposed site. The informations can so be acquired establishing upon the relevant undertaking. The chief purpos e of this study is to roll up informations for the land H2O and surface H2O. The undertakings take to transport out such undertakings are given in the proposal belowTopography & A Hydrology MappingThe subdivision is split up into two chief headers i.e. Topography and Hydrology, when discoursing topography we mean the status and type of the terrain which may be picturing degrees of the land, hills, vales, woods and H2O organic structures. The topographical function is necessary to place the surface groundwater flows and their speeds. The surface groundwater is related with the overflow measure and precipitation. Hydrology is the 2nd facet of this heading under which we will discourse the conditions that chiefly relate to the deepness of the dirt H2O degree below the land surface. Barsoum et Al ( 2005 ) note that for alder, the H2O degree demands to be near to the surface when the trees are immature, but deeper when to the full grown. best growing of seedlings occurs when H2O degr ees are 10-30 centimeter below the surface. ( Eymard 1969 )Geological FunctionThe geological sequence relevant to the site must be determined so infiltration enumerate can warrant, H2O infiltration, sub surface flows and to find the strength of the strata for future development if any. The geology plays an of import function when depicting the hydrological information for the fact that submerged aquifers, watercourses and glowing spring can be identified which are natural resources and can be utilized. The information will assist in finding of the quality of sub surface and surface H2O quality.Hydrological SurveyThe Hydrological study is the chief part of the proposal and is further divided into parts so as to understand easy3.1 GroundwaterGroundwater hydrology believes locomote groundwater flow and silt conveyance. Problems in decoding the saturated zone comprise of categorization of aquifers in footings of flow way, groundwater force per unit area and, by decisiveness groundwat er astuteness. ( Peter 2012 ) Determinations here can be made utilizing a piezometer. Groundwater location can besides be make up by delving trial Wellss at shoemakers coda intervals and so utilizing these Wellss in similar manner as that of piezometer, the rise of H2O degree in good will order the deepness of land H2O tabular array.3.2 InfiltrationThe infiltration of H2O from overflow into the dirt is a important subject. In a figure of state of affairss a dry dirt may non soak up rainfall every bit thirstily as a dirt that is antecedently wet. Permeation can sometimes be calculated by an infiltrometer. ( Peter 2012 )3.3 Precipitation and vaporizationPrecipitation is the word used to specify the rainfall strength in footings of inches or centimetres, it is normally specify in footings of deepness of H2O that can be collected if H2O beads are collected one above the other in a perpendicular chamber besides known as rain gage for a specific period of clip. Precipitation informati on is really utile when draw storm hydrograph charts.Vaporization is a important fraction of the H2O rhythm. It is partly affected by moistness. A direct finding of vaporization can be taken by utilizing Symon s vaporization pan. ( Peter 2012 )Remote feelingDistant detection can supply cherished information about hydrological survey by utilizing land based detectors, airborne detectors and satellite detectors. Information sing catchment country, H2O organic structure, forestation, accidents and bad lucks can be achieved with preciseness and truth utilizing distant feeling techniques.Water Quality DeterminationThe last phase of our survey once the information from preliminary phases are collected and arranged is H2O quality finding survey. In hydrology, surveies of H2O quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment stuff. Besides, H2O quality is affected by the communicating of dissolved O with organic stuff and a assortment of chemical alterations that may happen. Biological O demand is a tool for finding the quality of H2O, this trial is a simple method which depicts the measure of dissolved O used up by the bacteriums present in H2O. ( David and Charles 1969 )Work Plan and Schedule of ActivitiesThe program of the work is divided based upon the squad members company has. The chief activities of the work are shown belowLand and Topographical SurveyGeotechnical Investigation of SiteLand Water Table Location DeterminationHydrological SurveyHydrogeological SurveyWater Quality InvestigationThe squads are distributed as per the work appellation which includes the responsibilities of the Civil applied scientists, hydrologists, Surveyors, Planners, GIS Specialists, CAD operators, Riggers and Technician staff.Hydrologists may be discerning with judgment H2O supplies for white river and irrigated farms, or intriguing river implosion therapy or dirt concord oning off. They will be working in environmental munition, assisting to halt or cut down pollution or place sites for safe clearance of unsecured wastes. Hydrologists may necessitate shovels to computing machines and mass spectrometers, and latest tools are being urbanised every twenty-four hours.Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) Professionals will work with affiliate systems and plans to bring forth and go on informations and maps that can be shared with physically referenced informations. GIS package has the ability to narrate diverse types of informations such as socioeconomic, demographic, administrative or political boundaries, land usage, land screen, environmental, substructure, and transit webs.GIS Specialists perform the undermentioned undertakingsGenerate maps, exposures and graphs, utilizing GIS package and connected cogwheel.Congregate with users to qualify information demands, undertaking demands, required consequences, or to construct up applications.Accomplish Research to place and acquire accessible databases.Collect, analyze, and set together spacial informations from employees and make up ones mind how most glorious the information can be displayed utilizing GIS.Bring together geographic informations from a diverseness of resources including nose counts, field observation, satellite imagination, aerial exposure, and bing maps.Examine spacial informations for geographic statistics to slot in into certificates and studies.Plan and Schedule of ActivitiesThe activities are shown in the signifier of Gantt chart is given belowPremisesThe Undertaking starts on January 2014.The Work Calendar is 5 yearss a calendar week with a work twenty-four hours peers to 8hrs.There are no excess vacations in the Schedule.The utmost conditions conditions are besides non encountered in the undertaking.Budget Allocation 77 DayssAs per the undertaking delimit the payment policy is shown belowCivil Engineering undertaking director ( you ) $ 150 per hrCivil Engineer in developing $ 40 per hrCivil Engineer ( PE ) $ 100 per hrResearch Sc ientist $ 60 per hrSurvey technician $ 25 per hrCAD and GIS technicians $ 20 per hrSupport Staff $ 15 per hrTransportation system costs should be billed at $ 0.40 per stat mi with sensible allowance for hotels, nutrient, and other necessary costsOverhead ply 40 % to overall costThe agenda dictates that the undertaking will take no more than 77 on the job yearss if the work is carried out as per the agenda. From the compendium it is observed that an estimation of 85 working yearss can be taken as the undertaking clip. The excess yearss which have been added are merely to counterbalance eventualities found during the undertaking timeline. Now as per 85 yearss the figure of work hours will be about 680 work hours. Thus the Project budget is tabulated below for the contributorSr. AppellationPay per hr ( $ )Work Hours Required ( hour )Entire Pay ( $ )Undertaking Manager150680102000Undertaking Engineer10068068000Trainee Engineer4068027200Research Scientist6052031200Survey Assistant2560 015000GIS Assistant2060012000CAD Assistant2060012000Support Staff155508250Transportation system0.4 / myocardial infarction600 myocardial infarction240Eventuality40 %110356Grand Total386246Therefore the undertaking budget is about $ 386,246, the computation is shown above for the reader.MentionsBrooks, K. N. , Ffolliott, P. F. , & A Magner, J. A. ( 2012 ) . Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds Wiley.De Wit, A. ( 1996 ) . bill of undertaking success. International diary of undertaking direction, 6 ( 3 ) , 164-170.Eymard, L. ( 1996 ) . Study of the air-sea interactions at the mesoscale The SEMAPHORE experiment.Annales Geophysicae. Springer-Verlag, 14( 9 ) .Hendricks, S. P. , and David S. White. ( 1991 ) . Physicochemical forms within a hyporheic zone of a northern Michigan river, with remarks on surface H2O forms.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48( 9 ) , 1645-1654.Munns, A. K. B. F. B. ( 1996 ) . The function of undertaking direction in accomplishing underta king success.International diary of undertaking direction, 14( 2 ) , 81-87.Straker, E. W. I. ( 1969 ) .A Monograph on the Former Ironworks in the Counties of Sussex, Surrey and Kent, Consisting a History of the Industry from the Earliest Times to Its Cessation Together with a Topographical Survey of the animate Remains from Personal Observation David & A Charles, .Vorosmarty, C. J. , and Berrien Moore III. ( 1997 ) . Modeling basin-scale hydrology in support of physical clime and planetary biogeochemical surveies An illustration utilizing the Zambezi River.Surveies in Geophysics, 12.1( 3 ) , 271-311.

Educational Paradigms Essay

Paradigms atomic number 18 ways of thinking or getting things done. As time passes and new concepts evolve, the way things are being done or implemented begin to undergo signifi screwingt changes. Paradigms are continually shifting and this is unavoidable. For example, prior to the beginning of the information age, education could only be striked by physically seeking admission and going through manual registration processes before one could be considered a student. The situation has changed today. Most of these processes may now be achieved online, as is the case with American Intercontinental University (AIU).A new educational picture has been ushered in as a result of technological advancements (Riegle, n. d. ). Which paradigm scoop describes your current learning organizational environment? Why? Provide an example. The ideal paradigm is the one that favours the emergence of standard practices, improved methodologies, and a range of resources that servicing to establish bench marks and develop instructional strategies that give students the opportunity to learn properly and reap the benefits of education optimally.American Intercontinental University (AIU) provides an online educational system that offers increased availability to students from the convenience of their homes. This is accomplished through the use of up-to-date technological devices, software programs, internet connection, and computers. Since technology has turned the world into a global village, the educational paradigm is gradually shifting from the use of traditional classrooms to an online learning system.This learning platform has necessitated the need for an interactive method of learning to supplement the lecture materials, sample essays and the legion(predicate) resources that are made available to students to facilitate their learning process. For example, Instructional strategies that involve the use of chat rooms, word groups, emails, forums or message boards are employed to achieve learning. How does your organizational paradigm affect your assessments and measurement of student learning?AIU strives to balance learning strategies by adopting principles of various learning theories and applying them to instructional design and students assessment. The University presents materials to students in formats that they can easily understand, usually in the form of video, audio, presentations, and other related methods. Measurement of student learning is achieved through the evaluation of students participation in group activities, discussion groups, learning teams, chat rooms, and ability to use concept maps, mnemonics or organizers to reflect their knowledge of concepts.This is in support of the Cognitivism possibleness which states that it is important to understand how the human discernment works so that we can understand how students learn (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). Assessment of learning is also done by giving students home work, assignm ents or group projects so that they can learn through their own activities and own(prenominal) experiences. This is a very important paradigm at AIU since most of the learning activities take place online.Students are encouraged to learn through simulation, exploration and active participation in message boards and various projects assigned to them. This method of assessment is in agreement with the constructivism theory which states that knowledge is imbibed through active participation and engagement of the learner. The theory asserts that for knowledge to be retained, it is important to link new concepts with familiar concepts (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008).On a personal level, which paradigm do you feel most represents your own views of education and assessment? Even though technology has its numerous benefits and offers students various opportunities of convenience and ease of use, traditional learning methods should also be sustained because each style of learning ha s its own benefits. Its important to maximize the advantages of each learning style so that optimal results may be achieved.In consonance with the theory of behaviorism, good performance should always be rewarded with praise, awards or any other form of realization to encourage the students, while the undesired behavior (bad performance) may be rewarded by holding back such rewards (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). This ensures that individual performances in learning are at a time observed and weak points are focused on for possible improvement.By balancing the learning theories and employing the use of best practices in administering lectures to students, learning can therefore become an enhanced and exciting experience.ReferencesLearning Theories Knowledgebase. (2008). Index of Learning Theories and Models. Retrieved September 25, 2008 from http//www. learning-theories. com Riegle, R. P. (n. d. ). Educational Paradigms. Visionary Leadership for the Information Age. Retri eved September 26 from http//people. coe. ilstu. edu/rpriegle/wwwdocs/paradigm/welcome. htm

Azerbaijan Poverty Rate

Approved by the rescript 3043 of the President of the pastoral of Azerbaijan dated of September 15, 2008 adduce course of instruction on Poverty Reduction and sustain adequate growing in the re general of Azerbaijan for 2008-2015 Chapter 1 Introduction In rank to tackle pauperism on a global level, the bosss of 147 world countries joined in concert at the United Nations (UN) Millennium Summit in New York in September 2000 to sign the Millennium Declaration reflecting Millennium out harvest-time Goals (MDGs) and committed themselves to achieving get h experienced of simplification by 2015.In severalize to meet the ch on the wholeenges set fall out in the Declaration, a set of 8 global goals were formulated, with 18 targets and 48 indicators. The first of these goals is to halve the bite of the worlds people financial support in extreme destitution and hunger. National leader Heydar Aliyev signed the Millennium Declaration on behalf of the Republic of Azerbaijan.In mold to honor this commitment in line with the local conditions in the Republic of Azerbaijan which is signatory to the Millennium Declaration, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan authorise by his Decree 854 of February 20, 2003 the conjure computer programme on Poverty Reduction and Economic Development (SPPRED) in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2003-2005. Implementation of that State Program in 2003-2005 offspringed in maintaining boilers suit macro economical stableness, ensuring dynamic economic fruit and upholding pretension and national supercede strays at appropriate levels.In its turn these achevements provoked to implementation of substantial activities aimed at solving existing mixer probelms as hearty as tackling poorness. So the poverty level consequently came down from 46. 7% in 2002 to 29. 3% in 2005. In recount to continue the exacting abut in mitigate the macrocosms welf ar the State Program on Poverty Reduction and sustainable Develop ment (SPPRSD) in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2008-2015 was disposed(p).Chapter 2 Poverty in Azerbaijan 2. 1. Poverty Profile, Levels and Indicators Table 2. 1 summarizes the poverty levels in the country on the footing of statistics and nurture derived from the Ho procedurehold Budget Survey (HBS) for 2002-2007. Table 2. 1. Poverty levels for the Republic of Azerbaijan 2002 Poverty line, in AZN Poverty level, in % 35 46. 7 2003 35. 8 44. 7 2004 38. 8 40. 2 2005 42. 6 29. 3 2006 58 20. 8 2007 64 15. 8As it is seen from the Table in 2007 the poverty level dropped to 15. 8%. Analysis of the HBS data suggests that the adjacent factors are associated with poverty risk in the country there is a small difference in the poverty vagabonds for urban and rural scopes, but the poverty incidence in the urban area has been declining at a faster rate than that in the rural area 2 the lowest monthly income per capta by economic regions is reported in stop number Karabakh, Aran and Highlan d Shirvan.But the main difference is between Baku and the regions of the country (Difference in income rate between Baku and Upper Karabakh with Aran areas was correspondingly AZN25. 9 and 19. 7) the poverty risk ontogenesiss the larger the household size (number of household members) the monthly income rate per capita in household with 4 children 1. 5 multiplication humiliate compared to household without children and 1. 3 times lower compared to household with 1 child.Income per capita for people living alone is 2 times higher than that one for households with children the poverty risk for the household decreases the higher the statement level of the head of the household, curiously when the head of household has higher instruction while the monthly income rate for households where the head of household is in the 30-39, 4049 and 60+ age groups is lower, it for households where the head of household is in the 18-29 and 50-59 age groups is higher than sightly one Income is a m eans to reform living standards, but it is not the solitary(prenominal) factor contributing to poverty reduction.Raising income levels without achieving parallel values in the delivery of social services bequeath not solve the poverty problem in the country. It is therefore also authoritative to monitor such indicators as infant and child mortality, maternal mortality, food security and child nutrition, incidence of communicable diseases, school attendance and enrolment rates, and school learning achievement results.There is still a number measurement challenges in the supervise of the aspects listed above, but the functional data suggest summarizing the following points present ozon layer depletion, climate changes, abrupt reduction of biodiversity, continous natural disasters, pollution of the purlieu cause spreading of various diseases. respiratory track, infectious, parasitic, blood circulation diseases and indigestion are mainly widespread among state of the country th e incidence of communicable diseases which can be easily prevented, such as TB, malaria, is sledding down, but take to be kept low control.This requires applicable public investment in preventative measures in the public health services, and for children, ensuring full reporting with immunization programs there are still under-nutrition and malnutrition problems amongst undefendable groups, particularly but not only the Internally Displaced People (integrated data processings). There is a need to interact with finicky programs for these groups school enrolment rates are high, but there are concerns about growing antitheticalials in quality of education provided at schools.Public investment in education is necessary to augment for addressing these differentials, and ensure that all children are provided with the comparable opport unities housing conditions for vulnerable sections of the race are unsatisfactory, and affect the health spatial relation of household members . Overcrowding, rut with non-clean elicit, lack of uninterrupted electricity supply, and lack of admission fee to piped water are problems faced by a large section of the IDP population, and other vulnerable groups. Public investment has to prioritize improvements in social infrastructure for these groups. . 2. Significant Points for policy Formulation Based on HBS results the following points should be taken into good depart when formulating policy priorities 1. Income generation has been much easier in Baku than in other urban and rural areas. The regions outside of Baku acquire lower living standards, suggesting less meshing opportunities. From this prospective there is a need to promote sustainable economic festering including that one across different domains in the regions considering local peculiarities. 2. The fact that there is a high poverty risk for those in working age (higher than for retired age) suggests that employment does not necessarily harbor househol ds and individuals from poverty. From this bandstand there is a need to ensure that employment is high- net income and productivity i. e. there is a need to pose lug intensive sectors, and to replace underemployment with employment in productive transmission lines. 3. Children have the highest poverty risk, as do households with many children.As children represent additional expenditure for households almost of the poverty risk for children can be cut down by improving the income-generating activities of adult household members. Meantime social protection measures also need to ensure that vulnerable households with children are provided with support. The fact that children have a higher poverty risk than the elderly suggests the need to focus to a greater extent social expenditure on the younger age groups and families with children. . Recent ever-growing worldwide need in food, drastic rise in prices of energy resources as well as use of arable lands for bioenergetic raw mat erials cultivation cause rise in price of foodstuffs. In its turn it affects vetoly on food supply to low-income groups of population, and on general living standards in the country. Food security issues have to be reconsidered in the light of flow worldwide and local situation. Chapter 3 SPPRSD Overview 3. 1.Strategic Goals The following 9 strategic goals for the SPPRSD for 2008-2015 were identified I. ensuring sustainable economic knowledge by maintaining macroeconomic stability and balanced go upment of the non-oil sector II. change magnitude income-generating opportunities and achieving substantial reduction in the poorest sections of the population III. reducing social risks for old age groups, low-income families and vulnerable groups of population by create effective social protection system IV. ontinuing systematic implementation of activities aimed at improving the living conditions of refugees and IDPs V. improving the quality of and ensuring equal irritate to affordable basic health and education services VI. developing social infrastructure, improving public utilities system VII. improving environmental situation and ensuring sustainable focal point of environment VIII. promoting and protecting gender comparability IX. continuing institutional reforms and improving good governance. . 2. Specific Features The specific features of the SPPRSD can be summarized as follows it is fully aline with the MDGs and sets relevant country policy goals and specific targets meantime these goals represent logical follow-up of the SPPRED while adhering principles of full methodological succession it is aligned with other current conjure programs it is based on a participatory and monitoring process involving the political sympathies and planetary organizations and civil society.In order to achieve the strategic goals set out above measures to be implemented over 2008-2015 are classified under the 4 functional groups and set forth in the SPPRSD Cha pters 4-7 1. macroeconomic stability and economic growth (Chapter 4) 2. employment policy and social protection of the population (Chapter 5) 3. human development and social progress (Chapter 6) 4. institutional policy and good governance (Chapter 7). 4Participatory process involving joint activities of the government, civil society and international organizations as an important factor in implementation of the program as well as other issues relating to the monitoring mechanisms over activities to be implemented and over outcomes to be achieved in spite of appearance the program are specified in the last, 8th Chapter of the SPPRSD (participation and monitoring). This State Program sets priorities and targets for 8-year period (2008-2015) and allows a list of policy measures for the first 3-year period (2008-2010) (Attachment ?1).Meantime based on the results of these activities approval of the new action plan for 2011-2015 is provided. The main sources for financing the State Pro gram are funds to be allocated for these purposes from the State Budget, the State Oil Fund (SOFAR) and the State Social Protection Fund (SSPF) as well as other sources not conflicting with legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Sources and amounts of funds require for implementation of the activities within the SPPRSD impart be identified while considering development the State Budget, off- reckon funds and MTEF on annual cornerstone.In addition amounts of funds allocated for implementation of the SPPRSD policy measures and activities get out be aligned with the financing sources of other strategy and concept papers, verbalize programs, work and action plans (Attachment ?2) as well as adjusted with loan agreements signed with international financial institutions. 3. 3. Summary of Goals, Targets and Indicators The Table 3. 1 below summarizes extrapolate system of relevant targets and indicators on 9 strategic goals of the State Program. Table 3. 1. Overview of the strategi c goals, targets and indicators of the SPPRSD Strategic Goals 1.Ensuring sustainable economic development done maintaining macroeconomic stability and balanced development of the non-oil sector Targets 1. honour single digit figure inflation rate since 2011 by its annual reducing byout 2008-2010 and maintaining at the manipulable level 2. maturation GDP per capita by 2 times in 2008- 2015 3. Increase real non-oil GDP by 2 times by 2008-2015 4. Maintain non-oil GDP real minimum growth rate at 7-8% level in 2008-2015 2. Increasing incomegenerating opportunities and achieving substantial reduction in the poorest sections of the population 3.Reducing social risks for old age groups, low-income families and vulnerable groups of population by developing effective social protection system 5. Achieve 2 times poverty rate reduction by 2015 6. Reduce unemployment rate to 34% by 2015 7. Ensure that minimum wage and basic pensions level are raised on regular basis and outflank the nationa l minimum subsistence level since 2011 8. Gradually bring the eligibility criterion for receipt of social assistance up to the level of the Monitoring indicators and baselines Inflation rate 16. 7% (2007) GDP per capita 3168. AZN (2007) Non-oil GDP 9. 5 bln. AZN (2007) Non-oil GDP real minimum growth rate 11. 3% (2007) Poverty rate 15. 8% (2007) Unemployment rate 6. 5% (2007) Minimum subsistence level 70 AZN (2008) Minimum wage 60 AZN (by early(a) 2008) Basic pensions 60 AZN (by early 2008) Eligibility criterion for social assistance 45 AZN (by early 2008) 5 Strategic Goals Targets national subsistence minimum 4. Continuing systematic implementation of activities aimed at improving the living conditions of refugees and IDPs 9. Improve the living conditions of refugees and IDPs 10.Increase the level of employment among refugees and IDPs to the average national employment level 11. Ensure that all school age children complete a full course of general education (I-XI grades) by 2015 1 2. Increase by 2 times the consider of children in pre-school age completing pre-school education by 2015 13. Ensure complete entree of all schoolchildren to computers and internet by 2015 Share of refugees and IDPs settled in decent houses 46% (2007) Employment rate among refugees and IDPs 31. 7% (2007) Net enrollment rate at primary education 94. 9% (2007) basic education 79. % (2007) secondary education 48. 8% (2007) Pre-school education coverage rate 17. 2% (2007) Monitoring indicators and baselines 5. improving the quality of and ensuring equal access to affordable basic health and education services 14. Achieve the European countries average under-one mortality rate by 2015 15. Achieve the European countries average maternal mortality by three quarters by 2015 16. Halt the spread of tuberculosis, malaria, brucellosis by 2015 17. Halt the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2010 18. Increase sustenance expectancy at birth to 76, of which 74. 5 years for men and 77. for women by 2015 6. de veloping social infrastructure, improving public utilities system 19. Create a dependable water supply system in the regional towns and colonisations by using local springs and ground water sources and supply all the population with water through a centralized water supply system by 2015 20. Provide complete aeration and sanitation services in towns and settlements of the country by 2015 21. Improve households botch up supply through a centralized gas supply system Number of pupils per computer in general secondary schools in number 47 (2007) V-XI grades 29 (2007).Share of schools with internet access 3% (2007) Under-one mortality rate 12. 1 per 1,000 (2007) 35. 5 per ascorbic acid,000 (2007) Tuberculosis 7,783 cases (2007) Malaria 106 cases (2007) Brucellosis 475 cases (2007) HIV/AIDS infections 1,379 registered cases (2007) Life expectancy at birth 72. 4 (2007) of which male 69. 7 years (2007) female 75. 1 years (2007) Share of population with reliable water supply system i n the regional towns and villages 46. 5% (2007) Share of population provided by the centralized sanitation services 33. 7% (2006) Households with gas supply 81. 2% (2007) 6 Strategic Goals Targets 22.Supply of heating to residential and non-residential buildings by 2015 23. Ensure complete satisfaction of the countrys energy demands through internal resources and uninterrupted electricity advocate supply for all households by 2015 24. Provide complete interior(prenominal) household wastes related services 2015 25. Increase the number of telephones to 50 per 100 persons in cities and regional towns and to 30 per 100 persons in rural areas by 2015 26. Increase the number of internet users to 50 per 100 by 2015 27. Reconstruct 2,800 km of the countrys roads in line with international standards by 2015 7. mproving environmental situation and ensuring sustainable trouble of environment 28. Increase the proportion of forest areas in enumerate land area to 12. 5% by 2015 29. Increase t he share of protected land area in the total surface area to 12% by 2015 30. Decrease by 20% the conditional fuel utilize for 1 kw of energy for reducing green-house emissions in the energy sector by 2015 31. Achieve complete sewerage treatment in the country by 2015 32. Achieve 80% recycling and neutralizaiton of upstanding household wastes in the large cities by 2015 8. promoting and protecting gender equality 33.Ensure increased participation level of women in decision-making by 2015 Monitoring indicators and baselines Residential buildings heating supply 22. 7% (2006) Electricity power production in the country 21. 4bln kvh (2007) 700,000 subscribers in Baku are provided by services in this sector (2006) Telephone lines per 100 person in total 14. 6 (2007) in urban areas 33 (2007), In rural areas 9. 4 (2007) Internet users 12 per 100 (2007) enumerate length of the roads reconstructed in line with international standards 1,020 km (2007) Proportion of forest areas in total land area 11. % (2007) Share of protected land area in the total surface area 8. 1% (2007) Quantity of conditional fuel used for 1 kw of energy 386 gr (2006) Sewage treatment in large cities 57. 9% (2006) Share of recycled and neutralized solid household wastes in the large cities 10. 9% (2006) Share of women among Central executive authority chairpersons 4 % (2007), Members of Parliament 11. 2% (2005) Municipalities 4. 08% (2004) Judges 16% (2007) 9. continuing institutional reforms and improving good governance 34. Improve good governance and the quality of public sector management so as to align with EU standards by 2015.Chapter 4 Macroeconomic Stability and Economic Growth 7 4. 1. Links to Poverty Poverty is a multidimensional problem that goes beyond economics to include social and institutional issues. Although poverty reduction cannot be based exclusively on economic policies, economic growth and macroeconomic stability remain a prerequisite for poverty reduction, and are essential in order to achieve broad-based and sustainable rates of growth. One of the principle prerequisite ensuring sustainable economic growth includes territorial and geographical diversification of the economic growth.In this regard non-oil sector development and regions balanced development are of utmost importance. Thus, sustainable economic growth is the basis of macroeconomic stability. To safeguard macroeconomic stability, all public expenditures of the country must be managed in a sustainable, non- inflationary manner. Researches show that rapid increases in inflation tend to hurt the poor most, and increase the likelihood of people who live just above the poverty line falling back into poverty. Thus macroeconomic stability, ensured sustainable economic growth, and careful management of government revenue and expenditure have bring out importance. . 2. Current smirch and Main Challenges As a result of the successful economic policies implemented last year, overall macr oeconomic stability has been maintained, sustainable economic growth ensured, development of entrepreneurship expanded, and job creation, especially in the regions has increased. These have all led to an increase in income generating opportunities, and a significant improvement in the well-being of the people. As Table 4. 1 shows, Azerbaijans high rate of GDP growth in 2003-2005, has made it one of the fastest growing countries not only in the region, but in the world.Table 4. 1. Main indicators of the GDP for 2004-2007 2004 Total amount of GDP, in bln. AZN of which non-oil sector Per capita GDP, in AZN Real growth rate of GDP, in % Deflator index of GDP, in % Share of non-government sector in GDP, in % 8. 5 5. 24 1,042 10. 2 108. 4 73. 5 2005 12. 5 6. 1 1,513. 9 26. 4 116. 1 77. 8 2006 18. 7 7. 6 2,241. 1 34. 5 111. 3 81. 0 2007 26. 8 9. 5 3,168. 5 25. 0 114. 4 84. 0 In this period oil revenue continued to be accumulated in SOFAR and additional reckon revenue due to the increase i n global oil prices, was accumulated in a special account.The National Bank (NB) of the Republic of Azerbaijan made limited purchase interventions in the currentness trade and continued to issue of its short-term notes as part of the sterilization policy to neutralize superabundance liquidity in the banking system. In addition in order to limit the expected negative impact of the huge oil and gas revenues on the delivery and to the Presidential Decree dated September 27, 2004 approved the Long-term Strategy on Management of Oil and Gas Revenues which has the objective of channeling the energy sector revenues into the development of non-oil sector, poverty reduction, and the development of human capital.This strategy is a basis to promote to the non-oil sector integration to the world preservation enhancing its international competitivness. Control over the tokenish exchange rate of the national currency has ensured a big-term favorable trend in the real exchange rate index and helped to promote the international fight of the country. Although the real effective exchange rate of the national currency appreciated by 12. 2% in the non-oil sector during 2007, it depreciated by 11% in December, 2007 compared with the relevant period of 2000. Thus though the real effective exchange rate was modify for short term it changed in scales promoting to protection of the international competitoryness of the country. The amount of currency reserves has increased significantly. The amount of official currency reserves of the NB for January 1, 2008 exceeded 4 bln. USD. At the resembling time, the amount of internal currency reserve equivalent to exported goods and services excluding the oil sector exceeds 5 times the international standards on funding terms. The share of contradictory debts under state endorsement in GDP decreased to 18. % in 2004 and 8. 2% in 2007. The total amount of investment in the national economy from all sources increased at 1. 5 times in 2 007 compared with 2004, and amounted to 7. 5 bln. AZN (8. 7 bln. USD), 3. 3 bln. USD of which was FDI (90. 5% in oil sector). At the same time the amount of investment from domestic financial sources in the same period also increased by 3. 5 times, and its share in total investment increased from 26. 9% in 2004 to 61. 9% in 2007. The total trade operations amounted to 27 bln. USD in 2005, of which exports accounted for 21 bln.USD and imports 6 bln. USD, with the positive saldo on all export-import operations amounting 15 bln. USD. As a result of measures to improve the legal regulatory framework of the securities market, to protect the rights of investors, to enhance application of corporate management standards, to ensure proper information by issuers and to create an nonionised loan market, the number and amount of shares issued have been increased. So if in 2004, 50 issuers issued 62 shares with a total value of 91. 9 mln. AZN, 108 shares were issued by 84 issuers with a total v alue of 225. mln. AZN in 2005 in 2006, 100 issuers issued 135 shares with a total value of 340. 8 mln. AZN and 137 shares were issued by 113 issuers with a total value of 795. 4 mln. AZN in 2007. In order to promote further improvement in the investment climate, entrepreneurship development and subsequently creation of new job places corporate tax was decreased from 27% to 25% in 2003, 24% in 2004 and 22% on January 1, 2006. Compulsory social insurance policy contributions from employers were also trim back from 29% to 27% in 2003 and 22% in 2005.Agricultural producers have been exempted from all taxes, except for the land tax, for a five year period (2004-2008). In order to expand the use of the simplified tax system, from 2003 the simplified tax turnover has been increased from 300 times of non-taxable monthly income (6,000 AZN) to 22,500 times of the conditional monetary unit (24,750 AZN). In order to promote development of the enterpreneurial activities Presidential Decree 24 58 on Measures to Ensure Arranging One-stop-shop Principle Based Activities of the Enterpreneurship Subjects was signed on October 25, 2007.In order to promote entrepreneurial activities and increase state support to entrepreneurs, the total amount of soft state loans provided through the National Fund for Entrepreneurial Support has increased per year 40 mln. AZN in 2005, 80 mln. AZN in 2006 and 90. 7 mln. AZN. Meantime the organization of regular ancestry forums in the same period has also had a positive impact, and has helped to bring together local entrepreneurs to officials and businessmen from different countries, thus expanding their access to information, while also helping to promote further foreign investment.In order to develop the banking system, to strengthen semiprivate banks and to increase the populations confidence in them, requirements to the minimum amount of the banks charter capital have been increased, limits on the maximum share of foreign bank capital were eliminated and a centralized credit register introduced. With a view of change magnitude access of the population, especially in the regions, to banking services, a total of 40 new branches (21 in the regions) were created by 19 banks in 2005 alone.In total, by late 2007, 485 bank branches were functioning in the country. 9 According to the results of 2007, the amount of credit provided by banks to the national economy was equal to 4. 7 bln. AZN, the share of bank assets and credits in the GDP were 20. 9% and 18. 7%, respectively. Credits provided by banks to the private sector increased by 97. 7% in 2007 compared to the previous years, and its share in the total amount of credit was 57. 3%.As a result of the privatization of state property, more than 30,000 small enterprises and facilities have been privatized, about 1,500 joint-stock ventures realised and more than 400,000 people have acquired shares and property. The main challenges now are to accelerate the second stage throu gh privatization of social facilities, while keeping their orginal work profile and continuing to provide quliaty services to the population, and also of large-scale enterprises to promote more dynamic economic development.With a view to improving transparency, efficiency and targeting in the budget process, relevant additions and amendments have been made to the Law on the Budgetary System and the Tax Code, the course of instruction on Introduction National Accounting Standards has been approved by the Cabinet Decree of July 18, 2005, and computerization of the treasury system continued during the implementation period of the SPPRED.In order to improve the infrastructure, especially in the regions, large public investments havd been made in social and economic infrastructure, including transport, water and sewage, amelioration, irrigation, power as well as health and education facilities.The construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Arzurum gas pipeline, the restoration of the Great Silk Way (TRACECA), the implementation of North-South transport projects and the Baku-TbilisiKars railway project (agreement in prinsiple on the construction has been reached) leave alone not only increase regional importance of the country, but also improve the access of the population in these regions to infrastructure and markets and create a solid foundaton for entrepreneurship development. 4. 3. SPPRSD and Economic Policy 4. 3. 1.General Objectives and Targets The priority directions for economic development are as follows ensuring macroeconomic stability ensuring balanced and pro-poor economic development through creation of enabling conditions for development of the non-oil sector and expansion of income-generation opportunities, especially in the regions and rural areas. Many of the policy actions and measures in this sector are closely connected with other strategic objectives of the SPPRSD, namely improving good governance and institutional reforms.Apart from governance, there are other cross-cutting issues which are relevant to this sector, for example, gender issues (it is important that both men and women have equal opportunities to go in in the economic life of the country) and environment (economic development has to be based on sound management of the countrys natural resources, in order to preserve them for future generations, and to ensure that the current generation do not suffer from health and other problems related to over-exploitation of natural resources and lack of consideration or pollution effects).The policy measures in the Macroeconomic Stability and Economic Growth section have been grouped as follows fiscal policy monetary and exchange rate policy development of financial markets investment policy industry and energy development development of agriculture and ensuring food security tourism policy. 4. 3. 2. financial Policy 10 The followings are the main priority directions envisaged under the SPPRSD to improve fiscal policy improvi ng budget-related legislation increasing budget revenue increasing the efficiency of budget expenditure improving the mechanism for managing state debt.In line with the economic policy to be implemented, and in order to increase the efficiency of budget forecasting, the existing legislative framework go forth be reviewed, relevant changes made to the Tax and Customs Codes, and adjustment of the Customs Code to international conventions and standards completed. With regard to increasing budget revenue, the number of tax exemptions provide be reduced, unnecessary customs and tax privileges removed, the registration of tax evasion by legal and physical entities strengthened.At the same time, the rates for taxes and duties and social contributions go forth be revised, their optimal level identified, the mechanism for implementing the simplified tax regime and regulations on the application of VAT improved, and the VAT exemptions in import reduced to the minimum. In addition, public a wareness ordain be raised to improve tax culture in the society. Increasing the efficiency of budget expenditure envisages implementation of activities in the following sub-areas rationalizing budget expenditure strengthening control over budget expenditure increasing the transparency of the budget process.In order to rationalize state budget expenditure the structure of consolidated budget expenditure entrust be improved, the severe increase of consolidated non-oil budget dearth in the GDP prevented, budget expenditure forecasted and planned taking into consideration approved targeted programs. In addition the legislative framework for introduction of per capita funding in budget expenditure result be established.With regard to strengthening control over the use of budget funds, the legislative framework will be improved, the place of long-term planning in the budget process increased, and financial control over budget funds enhanced through regular routine revisions and analy ses. In order to increase the transparency of the budget process, the state procurement legislative framework will be improved, the monitoring system strengthened, electronic procurement introduced, and the regulations and standards used in the calculation of budget expenditure improved.At the same time, the institutional framework of state procurement will be strengthened, and professional capacity of the relevant round increased through training. The state debt management mechanism will be improved, the foreign debt, especially commercial credits received under state stock-purchase warrant will be regularly reflected in the state budget. Also, the mechanism for monitoring the financial activity of organizations which have received credit under state take in charge will be improved. . 3. 3. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy Considering the importance of projected oil revenues for the countrys development, ensuring macroeconomic effectivness of the monetary policy will be priorit ized. For this purpose strengthen sterilization capacity of the monetary policy, maintain the optimal trajectory for the non-oil deficit, regular and adequate design and implementation of MTEF, prevention of longterm rigidity of the real effective exchange rate will be envisaged.As a result targetting of inflation at a satisfactory level will be ensured. 11 At the same time, the institutional framework of the monetary policy will be positive to allow more adequate decisions in monetary policy, and the system of management of monetary policy tools, banking system liquidity and currency reserves improved. Also, the real sector monitoring system will be established and bank statistics adjusted to international standards to increase automatic access to statistical reports. 4. 3. 4.Financial Markets Development The following priority areas have been identified under the SPPRSD to develop financial markets developing the banking sector developing the securities market developing the ins urance market. With regard to developing the banking sector, the capitalization of the banking system through the increase of chartered capital of the banks will be continued, Basel II standards introduced, the electronic payment system developed and the system of deposit insurance established in order to adjust the banking system to international standards and to improve the system of banking supervision.The banking, micro-finance institution and credit union networks will be expanded in the regions, a postal deposit system established as well as specialized banks, including construction-deposit banks in order to provide the population, and in particular entrepreneurs, with broader access to banking services, especially in the regions. Also, the system of mortgage crediting will be developed and the access of people, especially vulnerable groups, to mortgage loans will be increased to help people improve their housing conditions.The establishment of an equal and militant environmen t in the banking services market will be supported through expansion of the potential of private banks, more active decoyion of foreign investment into the banking system and use of administrative anti-monopoly measures. With regard to developing the securities market, the current legislative framework will be improved and a system aimed at protecting the rights of fixed-rate securities investors will be established. The system for making settlements will be improved and new ranches of regional professional representatives of the securities market, including the National Deposit Center, will be established in order to expand and develop the securities market. The establishment of selfgoverning (non-government) bodies of professional stakeholders of the securities market will be encouraged, a system for monitoring of joint-stock companies created, the use of securities in the mortgage market expanded and a security operations database created to improve market regulation.In order to integrate with the international securities market and to more actively attract foreign investment, the issue of Eurobonds and creation of investment funds will be supported. As for developing the insurance market, legislation relating to insurance will be improved, insurance and re-insurance activity encouraged and a single register on foreign re-insurers and foreign insurance brokers created to adjust the insurance market to international standards and to increase its efficiency.In order to develop insurance activities research and specialized organizations, insurance associations will be established, state contro over insurance activities will be improved. 4. 3. 5. Investment Policy The SPPRSD includes the following priority directions for improving investment policy improving investment management promoting fair competition living development of entrepreneurship, especially in the regions strengthening the battle of domestic production and increasing the export potential of th e country 12 expanding access to information and communication technologies (ICT).With regard to improving investment management, the existing legislative framework will be improved to protect private property and improve corporate management and create a free competition environment for all investors, and a new Law on Direct Private Investment and other necessary legislative acts will be developed and adopted. stock (mid-term) 4-year (covering the next year and the subsequent three years) public investment programs will be developed to finance SPPRSD priority investment projects in order to increase the prioritization of public investments in infrastructure.At the same time, comprehensive long-term sustainable development plans for the cities and regions will be designed and implemented in partnership with international organizations in order to ensure a sustainable and integrated approach in development of the regions, and to increase the efficiency of public investments to the r egions. It is also planned to finalize the innovation to international accounting standards in enterprises and organizations in order to adjust the activity of national businesses to international standards.With regard to promoting fair competition, a Competition Code will be adopted, regular monitoring conducted to prevent division of markets and application of agreed prices in the consumption market, and relevant financial sanctions applied when such cases are detected. Also, regular monitoring will be conducted and financial sanctions applied to increase state protection of consumer rights and to ensure compliance with regulatory acts for the manufacture, import, export and sale (wholesale and retail) of consumer goods.In relation to supporting entrepreneurship development the cooperation between relevant entities will be promoted, the establishment and development of public associations of entrepreneurs, including professional associations will be supported. Industrial zones (i ndustrial townships and business incubators) will be established for the introduction of know-how and best practice in the development of entrepreneurship the businesses will be better supplied with information and advice, and regular business forums will be nonionized to improve relations between local and foreign businessmen.Increase of amount of soft loans allocated from the state budget for entrepreneurial development and expansion of access of entrepreneurs in the regions to these loans will be ensured, activities will be enhanced to improve crediting effectivness. Also actions will be taken under the SPPRSD to encourage the business activity among youth and vulnerable groups.With regard to improving privatization and management of state enterprises, the privatization process will be continued in sectors open for privatization in accordance with the approved state privatization programmes and transparency and efficiency in the privatization process will be ensured. Also, the p rocess of privatization of state shares of International Bank of Azerbaijan will be finalized under the SPPRSD. With regard to strengthening the competitiveness of domestic production and increasing the export potential of the country, it is planned to continue WTO admission talks in rder to work toward fuller integration of the national economy to the global economy, and to adjust national legislation on foreign trade to the requirements of the global trade system. At the same time, anti-dumping and other preventive measures will be carried out to protect the domestic market from unfair competition, the production of export-oriented goods and goods that can replace imported goods will be encouraged, national quality control standards will be developed, the certification system will be improved, and the system of state regulation of prices of goods (services) will also be improved.Local and international transportation management will be improved to expand access to international m arkets and the integration of national transport system into the global transport system will be strengthened through the TRASECA and North-South projects under the SPPRSD. 13 As regards expanding the ICT access, in order to create a national information security system and to protect the information rights of citizens, the ICT access will be improved, and higher quality radio-TV broadcasting and satellite communication services will be improved on the basis of new equipment and technology.At the same time regional information centers will be established to provide state, public and sectoral information resources and to create information systems and networks, and profound and apllied scientific researches will be supported to ensure building of the information society. In order to improve state regulation of ICT, and standardization, certification and regulation of radiofrequency and numbering resources will be organized in accordance with international standards.Also, it is envisa ged to upgrade the postal service and to introduce new forms of postal service in order to expand access of the people, especially rural residents, to ICT. 4. 3. 6. Industry and Energy Policy A state programme on the development of this sector, outlining the governments medium-term activities, will be adopted under the SPPRSD in order to ensure comprehensive development of the industrial sector, including the non-oil sector. Also, in accordance with the State Programme on Development of the Fuel-Energy Sector of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2005-2015) approved by the Presidential decree 635 on February 14, 2005 or the purpose of development of the fuel-power complex, implementation of activities will be enhanced to establish a sound competitive environment in this sector, to improve the structure of the sector, to attract bigger investment to the sector, to provide environmental safety, and to ensure that full payment is received for the consumption of fuel and energy resources. The provision of meters to the population will be finalized to ensure efficient use of power and to strengthen financial discipline in the sector, and relevant public awareness activities conducted to promote the thrifty and efficient use of power resources.In order to increase efficiency in the power sector and to create a more competitive environment, the increase of the private sector involvement in the area will be supported, and the activity of the newly established Azerbaijan Investment Company will be strengthened to meet the investment needs of the non-oil sector, to introduce new technology and knowledge in the area, and to promote strategic cooperation with foreign investors.The potential use of alternative and renewable energy will be increased through creation of new capacity relying on alternative and renewable energy sources (small hydro power stations, wind farms), and regular monitoring will be conducted and relevant financial sanctions applied to minimize any negative i mpact on the environment from the development of the fuel-energy complex. 4. 3. 7.Agricultural Development and Food Security Since over 48% of the population lives in rural areas, the country sector is still an important source providing relevant employment and income generation opportunities for households. It is important to improve the access of awkward producers to credit, equipment and other vital inputs and services, while ensuring that land is used in an environmentally sustainable way. First of all, institutional reforms aimed at improving management efficiency will be continued in the sector to help develop agriculture under the SPPRSD.The policy of exempting agricultural producers from taxes will be reviewed to promote decent employment and self-employment in rural areas, and the access of people involved in agriculture to finance-credit sources improved. Also, the insurance mechanism will be improved to reduce damage to agricultural employers as a result of natural disa sters. The Agroservice network will be expanded to improve access of farmers to agricultural machinery and different subsidies and incentive mechanisms designed and introduced to increase 14 the production of needed agricultural products.The use of up to date technology and provision of the agricultural sector with the necessary market infrastructure through the involvement of the private sector will be supported to encourage the expansion of the network of agro-processing enterprises, and to increase the competitiveness of agricultural products. In order to ensure intensive development of crops, the supply of fertilizers to farmers will be improved, the standards applied to agricultural products upgraded, and the fumigation (disinfection) of exported and imported agricultural products strengthened.Private veterinarian services will be expanded, and the physical-technical infrastructure of regional veterinary departments, phytosanitary services, plant protection stations and quaran tine stations strengthened in order to improve veterinary and plant protection services. The restoration of fertility of pastures, their protection from erosion and their use will be improved to protect the lands, increase their quality and grade the pasture load. The physical and technical resources of seed-growing, seedling and pedigree facilities will be strengthened to ensure their efficient operation.In order to provide the agriculture with high-quality specialists, the system of agricultural mental faculty training will be improved, the physical and technical resources of agricultural science strengthened, and trainings, experience sharing and scientific researches done to increase managerial skills and knowledge of farmers. Development of the agricultural sector does not only enhance employment oppurtunities and expand income generation sources for population groups working for this sector but also plays a key role in strengthening food security.Recent price rise at the wor ld and local food markets did not pass over and affect population of the country, especially its poor groups, food supplying and living standards. From this prospective, reducing of the local food market dependence from importation and food supply to local population due to local production development has special improtance. In order to increase agricultural production and to improve food supply of the country population the State Program on Secure Food Supply to the Population in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2008-2015 was approved by the Presidential Decree on marvelous 25, 2008.With a view of food supply improvement first of all systematic activities will be implemented to develop agrarian business, more effectively use households production capacities, and upgrade consumption customs for promotion of the local foods consumption and production. 4. 3. 8. Tourism Development In order to expand the opportunity to realise from the tourism potential in the country, to develop emp loyment and self-employment in the regions and to better coordinate activity in this sector, a State Programme on the Development of the Tourism Sector for 2008-2016 was drafted.The legal and regulatory framework will be improved to promote tourism activity. Considering the importance of infrastructure in the development of tourism, the speckle envisages activities related to restoration of roads, communucations, and electricity and gas supply in the regions. In addition, ecotourism, rural tourism and other alternative types of tourism will be developed and tourist routes established to provide access to the countrys national, historicalcultural, socio-economical and natural features.The capacity of the newly established Tourism Institute and Mingachevir Tourism College will be developed under the SPPRSD to improve the staff training system for tourism and to supply it with high-quality specialists. In order to strengthen awareness-building and publicity activites in the tourism se ctor, the public presentation of existing information centers will be improved and new 15 tourism information centers established in the Airport named after H. Aliyev, the Gala village and Imishli, Ismayilly, Gabala and Masalli regions. Chapter 5 Employment Policy and Social Protection of the Population 5. . Employment Policy and Labor Market Regulation 5. 1. 1. Link to Poverty Maintaining macroeconomic stability and ensuring economic growth, development of the non-oil sector lead to an increase in monetry income of the population. But in order to achieve poverty reduction, macroeconomic stability and economic growth need to be accompanied by policies which improve access of the poor population to work income and production assets. From this prospective system measures aimed at supporting business and promoting employment create favorable conditions for increased income generation opportunities.Employment related issues are outlined in the section above. These issues are also speci fied in relevant sections of the SPPRSD. This chapter focuses at reducing unemployment, improving social protection of the trifling, developing labor market as well as promoting employment for vulnerable groups of population. 5. 1. 2. Current military post and Main Challenges It is well known that unemployment is a main factor which is associated with greater poverty risk. According to calculations made under the ILO methodology there were more than 281,100 inert in 2007 or 6. 5% of the active population.Considering the importance of increasing employment opportunities in order to improve the populations welfare, under the State Program on Socio-Economic Development of Regions for 2004-2008 and other relevant programs about 672,000 new jobs were created. Business development and creation of job places in this period have contributed to implementation of the well thought employment strategy and social policy. Last 5 years nominal cash incomes of the population increased 2. 5 and r eached to 14. 3 bln. AZN in 2005 or 1,690. 3 AZN per capita. Cash incomes of population included wages (31. %), business profits (50. 4%), received current and considerable remittances (17. 2%) and income from property (0. 5%). The government employment policy provides support to the unemployed through a combination of active and passive measures. The passive measures mainly include the provision of unemployment benefits. In 2007, 2,523 unemployed received unemployment benefits minimum amount of which is 24 AZN. The active measures include organization of training courses and job fairs and many other activities aimed at creating and improving labor market and adjusting labor force to the economy needs.One of the main challenges is to further expand productive employment opportunities for population, especially in the non-oil sector. While share of the extractive industry in overall industrial production was 68% in 2007, it only employs 1. 1% of the labor force of the country. While employment creation will be achieved mainly through private sector development in the sectors outlined above, it will be important to continue to undertake measures to help match the skills of jobseekers with those in demand on the labour market.It is also important to ensure that employees rights are protected, and that there is reliable and regular data to allow monitoring of the labor market and employment situation. The improvement of wage regulation is another challenge. As was shown in the poverty results reported in Chapter 2, employment does not always protect individuals from poverty, due to the high number of low- paying(a) and low-productive jobs. In recent years, a policy of increasing a 16 minimum wage to minimize the poverty risk among the employed has been pursued. Thus, the minimum wage has been increased, by stages, from 5. 5 AZN up to 60 AZN since 2003.Another problem relates to significant discrepancies between wage levels of those occupying the same positions in the public and private sectors. Thus in 2007 the average monthly wage in public sector was 171. 9 AZN and 296. 5 AZN, i. e. 1. 7 times higher in private sector. Education Health and social services Construction Mining industry Generation and distribution of electricity, gas and water supply 2006 86. 4 67. 2 198. 1 349. 4 134. 3 2007 144. 9 92. 5 298. 7 515. 5 210. 3 2006 128. 8 150. 7 403. 8 1,183. 2 272. 9 2007 186. 0 160. 7 454. 2 1,414. 8 198. 4 As Table 4. 1 shows, wages of people working in private health facilities are 1. , education 1. 3 times, construction 1. 5 times and digging industry 2. 8 times higher than those working in public ones. This leads to the flow of more skilled staff from public facilities to private ones and has a negative impact on quality of services. 5. 1. 3. SPPRSD and Employment Policy The SPPRSD envisages activities in the following priority directions under the employment policy and labor market regulation developing the employment system and stre ngthening the social protection of the unemployed adjusting the training of specialists to labor market needs improving the regulation f labor relations strengthening labor market monitoring expanding employment opportunities of the vulnerable groups. As regards developing the employment system and strengthening the social protection of the unemployed, State Programme on Implementation Employment Strategy for 2007-2010 was approved on May 15, 2007 under the Presidential Decree 2167.Within the framework of activities envisaged by this State Programme the management system of the State Employment Service will be improved, and the legal and regulatory framework for employment and work safety upgraded. Also, a single information database will be created to expand regular access of jobseekers and unemployed to vacancy information, and related awareness-building measures carried out among the people. At the same time, new consulting services and labor exchanges will be established.More of ficial attention will be given to the vocational trainings aimed at providing job for the unemployed. The minimum amount of unemployment benefit will be little by little adjusted to the national subsistence minimum in order to further strengthen the social protection of the unemployed. Meantime in order to prevent inactivity and habituation of job seekers caused by growth of benefit it is envisaged to hold monitoring and to align gradual adjustment with efforts on develop of job-seekers.As for adjusting the training of specialists to labor market needs by his Decree 2282 dated of July 3, 2007 the President of the country approved the State Program on Development of Vocational Education in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2007-2012. It is important to implement following measures in the vocational education section under SPPRSD establishing direct relations between vocational education system and employers and training of specialists required by employers 7 launching creation of the National Specialities Structure (NSS) based on the European system of specialities, comparable internationally and with national context mold by the development of local economy and social sphere. NSS is a locally and internationally accepted multistage system used for measuring the training results (both formal and informal) which are interrelated and where ratio between all education and training diploma/certificates is established, i. e. nterrelated achievements made by trainees and graduates are measured through certificates and diplomas. In this sector a forecasting system will be established and marketing services organized in the educational institutions training skilled workers. Also, in order to develop the adult education system, the appropriate legislative framework will be prepared, a body of adult educators formed, new curricula developed, and resource centers organized for career-guidance and awareness-building purposes.The adult education system will cover the follo wing directions educating the adult unemployed, upgrading their skills, providing social and psychological adjustments, preparing for employment in new sectors updating knowledge and skills of the adult employees, conducting refreshment and retraining courses for them in order to increase their intellectual and scholar level arranging study and social adaptation of the adult IDPs and refugees delivering training to the adult disabled that will promote to their re-integration.At the same time, a database will be created and the existing statistics improved in order to ensure efficiency and sustainablity of adult education measures. Effective arrangements within this system will help citizens to participate in economic and social life especifically to those affected by economic restructuring to acquire new skills which will reserve them more competitive on the labor market. As regards improving the regulation of labor relations, an Action Plan will be developed and implemented for l egitimation of informal labor relations, as well as, control over conclusion of collective agreements and contracts strengthened.Such issues as provision of employment and social protection of workers will be further focussed in the above mentioned agreements and contracts. Minimum wages will be gradually increased up to the national subsistence minimum and since 2011 it will exceed that minimum. It will become a substantial factor in elimination of the poverty riskis. The wage system for staff of budget-funded organizations will be improved with consideration of enhancment their financial autonomy and responsibilities as well as promotion of final outcome of this system in order to eliminate disbalance between wage levels aimed at improving overall wage policy.Measures related hereto will be aligned with those one in Chapter 4 of the SPPRSD that cover introducing normative (per capita) financing in fiscal policy. Also, wage supplements for geographic location and other difficult wo rking conditions will be introduced, and principles identified for unification and payment of wage supplements and bonuses to staff in the public sector. As for strengthening the labor market its regular monitoring will be carried out, and a national information system on the labor market, employment, labor safety regulations and standards established in order to help flexible policy making in this area.Furthermore, labor migration management system will be improved. 18 As concerns expanding employment opportunities of the particularly vulnerable groups, an Action Plan will be prepared for the development of entrepreneurship and self-employment among women and their retraining, also business training programs will be arranged, and measures introduced to improve labor conditions and social protection of those employed in the private sector, especially women.At the same time, an Action Plan will be prepared to improve gender equality in those sectors where there is a clear gender imba lance, and new jobs created for the population groups in urgent need of social protection. For this purpose, the ILO radiation diagram on employees with family responsibilities will be ratified and the national legislation adjusted to the Convention. 5. 2. Social Protection of the Population 5. 2. 1.Link to Poverty International experience suggests, while long term poverty reduction will be achieved through economic growth coupled with increasing employment and income generating opportunities in all regions of the country and different sectors of the economy, there will always be vulnerable members of society who will depend on the state system of social protection to help protect them from poverty. The state has a duty to offer these vulnerable groups effective social protection.Social protection is one, but not the only, mechanism for ensuring that some of the countrys wealthiness is redistributed from the richest to the poorest sections of society. It should be noted that socia l protection cannot offer any long term solutions to help vulnerable to exit from poverty. International experience suggests that disproportional oversaturation of the social protection sector generate dependency syndrome among people. As a result it affects economic activity and impedes development. In the wide sense there are 3 main elements of social protection. One is a social insurance element, which is designed to elp citizens prepare for times in their lives when they will not be able to earn their own living, e. g old age, sickness, and unemployment. Social insurance pensions or benefits are based on payments/contributions made by individual citizens during their working years, with some contribution from employers. The other element of the social protection is a social assistance system which consists of targeted state aid and social allowances and is material support paid from the state budget for those who have no insurance, other sources of income or their income is bel ow the established rates.The third element of the social protection is a social assitance and special social measures system addressed to the especially (socially) vulnerable population groups, i. e. IDPs and refugess, children deprived of parental care, disabled and children with limited health, old and alone citizens, etc. 5. 2. 2. Current Situation and Main Challenges Important measures have recently been undertaken in Azerbaijan to bring the social protections system in line with modern requirements.As a result of these purposeful measures the time interval of the insurance and pension system from

Han China and Mauryan & Gupta India Essay

Han dynasty and Mauryan/Gupta empires developed in roughly the same time frame and overlapped in the age 320 B. C. E. 220 C. E. developing in different parts of the globes with their own unique geographies. Both the Han and Mauryan/Gupta empires developed bureaucratic organisations that were ruled by kings, but due to the different geographical regions, Indias organisation was fragmented into local giving medications. The Han Dynasty of China was structured off of a social philosophy while Mauryan/Gupta India followed a religion which united the subcontinent.The Han and Mauryan/Gupta empires as well twain developed agrarian economies although their view on the merchant class were nearly opposite. The Han and Mauryan/Gupta empires both created hierarchical, bureaucratic governments. The hierarchy in Chinas government was more flexible and was set up in the 5 relationships (ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, oldest son and younger brothers, and friend and frie nd) whereas Indias hierarchy was rigid and created done the Caste System (Brahmin, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, and finally the Pariah).Ultimately, both hierarchical bureaucracies were led by a king. In China, the Han dynasty was able to create a strong centralized government led by kings who claimed the divine right to rule China, or in the case of the Chinese Dynasties, they claimed the Mandate of Heaven. However, beca aim of the geography of India, such as the Deccan Plateau and the Hindu-Kush Mountains, the government of India was broken up into local governments.Whereas China needed a strong centralized government in order to unite its people, India could get away with having a weak central government because Hinduism would ultimately unite the people of the Mauryan/Gupta empires. Hinduism, the major religion of India which also kept the people of India united when the regional governments could not, was based on the principle of a cycle of rebirth known as samsara. Under this religion, the main focus of the people was to achieve moksha uniting with Brahman and escaping samsara.And where the Mauryan/Gupta empires focused on otherworldly ideas, the Han Empire focused on life on earth following the teachings of Confucius. Even though the Mauryan/Gupta empires followed a religion and the Han empire followed a philosophy, both the Mauryan/Gupta and Han empires believed in respecting their superiors. Finally, Han China and Mauryan/Gupta India both created prosperous, agrarian economies. However the Han Empire relied on the production of wheat, rice, and silk and the Mauryan/Gupta Empire relied on the production of cotton.Both empires also relied on the use of conscripted labor but in Han China it was drafted labor and in Mauryan/Gupta India it was through the use of the pariah (untouchables) class from the Caste System of Hinduism. Even though their economies, in principle, are identical, they had vastly differing views of the merchant class. In Han China, they were viewed as the mean people and scum of the Earth whereas in India, they made up the Vaisyas caste which was their middle class.

Food Inc, opinion paper Essay

Question 1 Based on your viewing of regimen, Inc., how does your view of farm-fresh and other marketing messages that suggest a more native hang of pabulum yields relate to the realities of 21st-century marketing channels for solid food?The American Marketing Association defines marketing as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that confirm value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large (https//www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx). The marketing mix consists of product, terms, place, promotion, which means that a company needs to sell the proper(ip) product at the right price and in the right place, using the best promotion. Because of all of this, farm-fresh and organic foods must fight in the marketplace against traditionally farmed foods.Looking at the product what exactly makes a food organic? natural can mean different things to different people, and even has a different meaning between companies. According to organic.org, the agribusiness defines organic food as that which is produced with emphasized use of renewable resources, plus conservation of soil and water. Organic food is produced without conventional pesticides, fertilizers made with synthetics or waste, bioengineered, or ionized radiation. Organic meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones (http//www.organic.org/home/faq). A g all overnment-approved certifier must inspect farms where organic foods are grown to construe that the farmer follows all USDA rules and meets organic standards.Price is a large factor when most people go market shopping, especially during these tough scotch times. Many, including myself, can argue that organic or farm-fresh foods are just too expensive to buy on a regular basis, or even at all. Personally, I will buy whichever brand is cheapest, without paying attention to where or how it is produced. According to organic.org, one should consider the following facts when wondering why an organic product might cost more than its traditionally grown counterpartConventional farmers receive federal subsidies, while organic farmers do non, so the price of organic food reflects the true cost of growing. Environmental cleanups, that we pay for with our tax dollars, is not reflected in conventional food. Organic production is more labor and counselling intensive. And finally, organic farms do not benefit from the economies of scale that larger, more conventional farmers receive.The placement of organic foods is generally next to conventional foods in most grocery stores. around stores may have a separate organic section, or the organic product could be placed next to its conventionally grown counterpart. Some grocery stores, such as Natural Grocers, only sell USDA approved organic or naturally grown produce and meat, and would not be concerned with placement.Organic fo ods are generally promoted as cosmos more nutritious than conventional foods. Although, organic.org admits that in that location is not research to back this claim, at this time, there are studies that show that organic food has a higher nutritional value. This makes since, considering they are grown more naturally, with less chemicals. This film does expose something about organic or farm-fresh foods the American food industry is supposed to be protected by the USDA and FDA, but they have been allowing these suppliers to focus on profit and drop aside consumer health, the environment, and worker safety.Question 2 Based on your answer to Question 1, are you likely to change how and where you procure your foods (i.e., grocery stores, farmers markets, fast-food outlets)? Please exempt your reasons.I have never been concerned about how my food was made or where it came from. I have never paid attention to organic foods, GMOs, all-natural, or anything related to the production of th e foods I eat. As far as I know, my parents never paid attention to these things either. Because of this, farm-fresh and other marketing of organic foods has not alter me. I just purchase the foods that I want and pay no attention to whether they are farm-fresh, organic, locally grown, etc. I will buy any(prenominal) is cheapest,not whatever is healthiest, most natural, or whatever. My opinion and food purchasing habits will most likely not change after viewing this movie.This interrogation reminds me of high school health class, where we had to watch Supersize Me. Everyone started saying how gross it is, that they are never eating at McDonalds again, or whatever other promises they were making. All I could think was that I could totally go for some McNuggets after school that day I guess it is just because I have never unhappy about where the food I eat comes from. However, I have always paid attention to salmonella and E. coli recalls. I remember not eating beef or spinach or p eanut butter when there was an outbreak in their plants, because why would I want to get sick?So, I would say no, I will not change where or how I procure my groceries. I will not say that I did not get sad ceremonial those little baby chicks die, or the chickens getting slung around. And those poor cows getting slaughtered, and that one that had that hole and the guy was digging around in her stomach, and state that she was not in painhow does he know? Hes just cut a big hole in her and is sticking his hand in her stomach, and she cannot tell you that she is in painQuestion 3 Finally, do you think there are any ethical and/or social responsibility issues that continue marketing channels for food distribution?Chicken are manipulated to grow bigger breasts, tomatoes are genetically engineered to not go bad by being picked while they are green, then ripened with chemicals. Tens of thousands of Americans get sick from new strains of E. coli every year. Levels of obesity are shooting upwards, and diabetes in adults and children have reached epidemic proportions. If Americans knew how corporations utilize subsidies and exploited laws to make more money, would they think more carefully about what they are eating? The truth is, most people have no tinge where their foods come from.Below, I will disputation secrets and other things that the public should know about the food that they are putting into their bodies. I found a list on www.takepart.com (http//www.takepart.com/photos/food-inc-facts/the-impact-of-food-inc-lives-on-) of 18 Food, Inc. facts that everyone should know, which I have comparedwith my notes and compiled the following paragraphs. I feel that if everyone was aware of these facts, it would increase the social responsibility of these companies, and people would have trust in them.These facts pertain to the slaughterhouses and meat packers. In the 1970s, the top five beef packers controlled about 25% of the market, while today, more than 80% of the market is controlled by the top four. In the 1970s, there were thousands of slaughterhouses producing the majority of beef sold, while today, there are only 13. In 1972, the FDA conducted 50,000 food safety inspections. Approximately 32,000 hogs a day are killed in Smithfield Hog Processing Plant in Tar Heel, NC, the largest slaughterhouse in the world. In 2006, the FDA only conducted 9,164.These facts pertain to Monsanto and the USDA. Prior to renaming itself an agribusiness company, Monsanto was a chemical company. In 1996 when Monsanto introduced Round-Up Ready Soybeans, the company controlled only 2% of the U.S. soybean market. Now, over 90% of soybeans contain Monsantos patented gene in the United States. In 1998, the USDA implemented microbial testing for salmonella and an E. coli strain so that the USDA could shut down the plant if they repeatedly failed these tests the USDA no longer has this power after being taken to court by the meat and poultry associations.These facts pertain to the FDA, USDA, and congressmen. During the Bush administration, the head of the FDA was the former executive vice president of the National Food Processors Association. Also during the Bush administration, the chief staff at the USDA was the former chief lobbyist for the beef industry in Washington. Supreme Court Justice Clarence doubting Thomas was an attorney at Monsanto from 1976-1979 after his appointment to the Supreme Court, Justice Thomas wrote the majority opinion in a case that helped Monsanto enforce its seed patents. The SB63 Consumer adjust to Know measure, requiring all food derived from cloned animals to be labeled as such, passed the California state legislature before being vetoed in 2007 by Governor Schwarzenegger, who said that he couldnt sign a bill that pre-empted federal law.The rest of these facts are just interesting. The average chicken farmer (with two poultry houses) invests over $500,000, but only makes $18,000 a year. The average American eats over 200 pounds of meat each year. The modern supermarket stocks, on average 47,000 products, most of which are being produced by only a handful of food companies. About 70% of processed have some genetically modified ingredients. According to the American Diabetes Association, 1 in 3 Americans born after 2000 will contract early onset diabetes. Among minorities, the rate will be 1 in 2. E. coli and salmonella outbreaks have been more frequent in America. In 2007, there were 73,000 people wicked by the E. coli bacteria. Organics is the fastest growing food segment, increasing 20% annually.